Decoding Trans-Saccadic Prediction Error

We are constantly sampling our environment by moving our eyes, but our subjective experience of the world is stable and constant. Stimulus displacement during or shortly after a saccade often goes unnoticed, a phenomenon called the saccadic suppression of displacement. Although we fail to notice such displacements, our oculomotor system computes the prediction errors and adequately adjusts the gaze and future saccadic execution, a phenomenon known as saccadic adaptation. In the present study, we aimed to find a brain signature of the trans-saccadic prediction error that informs the motor system but not explicit perception. We asked participants (either sex) to report whether a visual target was displaced during a saccade while recording electroencephalography (EEG). Using multivariate pattern analysis, we were able to differentiate displacements from no displacements, even when participants failed to report the displacement. In other words, we found that trans-saccadic prediction error is represented in the EEG signal 100 ms after the displacement presentation, mainly in occipital and parieto-occipital channels, even in the absence of explicit perception of the displacement. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Stability in vision occurs even while performing saccades. One suggested mechanism for this counterintuitive visual phenomenon is that external displacement is suppressed during the retinal remapping caused by a saccade. Here, we shed light on the mechanisms of trans-saccadic stability by showing that displacement information is not entirely suppressed and specifically present in the early stages of visual processing. Such a signal is relevant and computed for oculomotor adjustment despite being neglected for perception.