Observed tropical cyclone-driven cold wakes in the context of rapid warming of the Arabian Sea

ABSTRACT We present a detailed long-term (1997–2019) analysis of observed cyclone-induced surface cooling (or cold wake) in the Arabian Sea. Here, the analysis is performed for 33 cyclones that drove significant cooling at the sea surface in three different seasons: the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon. Our study shows that cyclones can cool the sea surface up to 4.76° C after their passage, depending on the intensity, duration and other factors that contribute to cooling. The monsoon and pre-monsoon cyclones show stronger cooling, but the post-monsoon cyclones exhibit a longer duration (8–10 days) of cooling and slower recovery time (15 days). In general, the pre- and monsoon cyclones exhibit a strong positive correlation with the Latent Heat Flux, whereas the post-monsoon cyclones show a higher correlation with Ekman Pumping Velocity, wind stress and intensity of cyclones. The cold wake composite analysis for the El-Niño, La-Niña and Normal years shows that cyclone-induced cooling is similar in El-Niño and La-Niña years, and the cooling is more dominant during the negative Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) than that in the positive IOD years. Co-occurrence of positive IOD and La Niña events has led to more intense cyclones in recent decades. The power dissipation index, accumulated cyclone energy and oceanic heat content also show an increasing trend in AS and favour rapid intensification of cyclones. Since the drop in SST normally impedes cyclones from intensification, our study is important and the findings of this study will aid in tropical cyclone predictions. In response to rapid warming of Indian Ocean in recent decades, extreme events such as cyclones are expected to increase in the context of climate change.