Jonathan Singer, Lauren J Breen, Elizabeth T Loggers
{"title":"在美国调查公众对医疗救助和死亡后的悲伤的耻辱和期望:一个基于小插曲的实验","authors":"Jonathan Singer, Lauren J Breen, Elizabeth T Loggers","doi":"10.1017/S1478951522000852","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Families bereaved following Medical Aid in Dying (MAID)-related death express concerns about public stigma. As access to MAID expands, research examining MAID is needed, including understanding stigma toward family members. This study examines if stigmatization exists toward bereaved individuals whose family member utilized MAID at differing ages and assess if expectations of grief differ between bereaved individuals whose family member utilized MAID compared to bereaved individuals whose family member died of an illness.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study utilized a randomized, between-groups, vignette-based experiment to test the effects of cause of death (MAID vs. illness-related death) and age (28, 38, 70, and 80 years) of the deceased on indicators of public stigma. Participants (<i>N</i> = 428) were recruited from mTURK (<i>M</i><sub>age</sub> = 42.54; <i>SD</i><sub>age</sub> = 16.50).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Analyses showed a statistically significant interaction between age and the mode of death (<i>F</i>(7, 400), <i>p</i> = 0.001, $\\eta _{\\rm p}^2$ = 0.06) and the main effect for age (<i>F</i>(5, 401), <i>p</i> = 0.004, $\\eta _{\\rm p}^2$ = 0.04) on expectations of grief, whereas emotional reactions and wanting social distance were not significant (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Participants expected more maladaptive grief among family members of 28- and 70-year-olds who died of illness compared to 28- or 38-year-olds who utilized MAID [28-year-old (<i>M</i> = 44.12, <i>SD</i> = 12.03) or 70-year-old (<i>M</i> = 44.32, <i>SD</i> = 10.29) illness-related death vs. 28-year-old (<i>M</i> = 39.3, <i>SD</i> = 11.56; <i>p</i> = 0.01) or 38-year-old (<i>M</i> = 38.71, <i>SD</i> = 11.56; <i>p</i> = 0.007) MAID-related death].</p><p><strong>Significance of results: </strong>Findings suggest that direct stigma does not exist toward family members of individuals engaging in MAID. The American public may expect that family members of young individuals who utilize MAID are accepting of the death and expect them to experience fewer maladaptive grief symptoms. Future research should investigate differences in bereavement outcomes based on age of bereaved caregivers of individuals engaging in MAID.</p>","PeriodicalId":19953,"journal":{"name":"Palliative and Supportive Care","volume":"75 1","pages":"270-276"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Examining public stigma and expectations of grief following medical aid and dying in the US: A vignette-based experiment.\",\"authors\":\"Jonathan Singer, Lauren J Breen, Elizabeth T Loggers\",\"doi\":\"10.1017/S1478951522000852\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Families bereaved following Medical Aid in Dying (MAID)-related death express concerns about public stigma. As access to MAID expands, research examining MAID is needed, including understanding stigma toward family members. This study examines if stigmatization exists toward bereaved individuals whose family member utilized MAID at differing ages and assess if expectations of grief differ between bereaved individuals whose family member utilized MAID compared to bereaved individuals whose family member died of an illness.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study utilized a randomized, between-groups, vignette-based experiment to test the effects of cause of death (MAID vs. illness-related death) and age (28, 38, 70, and 80 years) of the deceased on indicators of public stigma. Participants (<i>N</i> = 428) were recruited from mTURK (<i>M</i><sub>age</sub> = 42.54; <i>SD</i><sub>age</sub> = 16.50).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Analyses showed a statistically significant interaction between age and the mode of death (<i>F</i>(7, 400), <i>p</i> = 0.001, $\\\\eta _{\\\\rm p}^2$ = 0.06) and the main effect for age (<i>F</i>(5, 401), <i>p</i> = 0.004, $\\\\eta _{\\\\rm p}^2$ = 0.04) on expectations of grief, whereas emotional reactions and wanting social distance were not significant (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Participants expected more maladaptive grief among family members of 28- and 70-year-olds who died of illness compared to 28- or 38-year-olds who utilized MAID [28-year-old (<i>M</i> = 44.12, <i>SD</i> = 12.03) or 70-year-old (<i>M</i> = 44.32, <i>SD</i> = 10.29) illness-related death vs. 28-year-old (<i>M</i> = 39.3, <i>SD</i> = 11.56; <i>p</i> = 0.01) or 38-year-old (<i>M</i> = 38.71, <i>SD</i> = 11.56; <i>p</i> = 0.007) MAID-related death].</p><p><strong>Significance of results: </strong>Findings suggest that direct stigma does not exist toward family members of individuals engaging in MAID. The American public may expect that family members of young individuals who utilize MAID are accepting of the death and expect them to experience fewer maladaptive grief symptoms. Future research should investigate differences in bereavement outcomes based on age of bereaved caregivers of individuals engaging in MAID.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":19953,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Palliative and Supportive Care\",\"volume\":\"75 1\",\"pages\":\"270-276\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2023-04-01\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Palliative and Supportive Care\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1478951522000852\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"\",\"JCRName\":\"\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Palliative and Supportive Care","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1478951522000852","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
Examining public stigma and expectations of grief following medical aid and dying in the US: A vignette-based experiment.
Objectives: Families bereaved following Medical Aid in Dying (MAID)-related death express concerns about public stigma. As access to MAID expands, research examining MAID is needed, including understanding stigma toward family members. This study examines if stigmatization exists toward bereaved individuals whose family member utilized MAID at differing ages and assess if expectations of grief differ between bereaved individuals whose family member utilized MAID compared to bereaved individuals whose family member died of an illness.
Methods: This study utilized a randomized, between-groups, vignette-based experiment to test the effects of cause of death (MAID vs. illness-related death) and age (28, 38, 70, and 80 years) of the deceased on indicators of public stigma. Participants (N = 428) were recruited from mTURK (Mage = 42.54; SDage = 16.50).
Results: Analyses showed a statistically significant interaction between age and the mode of death (F(7, 400), p = 0.001, $\eta _{\rm p}^2$ = 0.06) and the main effect for age (F(5, 401), p = 0.004, $\eta _{\rm p}^2$ = 0.04) on expectations of grief, whereas emotional reactions and wanting social distance were not significant (p > 0.05). Participants expected more maladaptive grief among family members of 28- and 70-year-olds who died of illness compared to 28- or 38-year-olds who utilized MAID [28-year-old (M = 44.12, SD = 12.03) or 70-year-old (M = 44.32, SD = 10.29) illness-related death vs. 28-year-old (M = 39.3, SD = 11.56; p = 0.01) or 38-year-old (M = 38.71, SD = 11.56; p = 0.007) MAID-related death].
Significance of results: Findings suggest that direct stigma does not exist toward family members of individuals engaging in MAID. The American public may expect that family members of young individuals who utilize MAID are accepting of the death and expect them to experience fewer maladaptive grief symptoms. Future research should investigate differences in bereavement outcomes based on age of bereaved caregivers of individuals engaging in MAID.
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