{"title":"基于螺杆材料挤压的金属零件 3D 打印实验研究","authors":"Behnam Akhoundi , Fatemeh Sousani","doi":"10.1016/j.jer.2023.100102","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the introduction of additive manufacturing (AM) methods, processes with the capability of 3D printing of metal materials were noticed. In general, AM processes with the ability to 3D print metals are more complex and costly in terms of equipment than processes that 3D print other materials (polymers and ceramics). Therefore, the use of 3D printing devices with less complexity and cost, such as extrusion-based 3D printers, for metal printing has attracted the attention of researchers. In this research, an extrusion-based 3D printer, equipped with a direct granule extruder system, was used for 3D printing of the feedstock of the metal powder injection molding (MPIM) process (with 93.7 % by weight of 440 C stainless steel metal powder). The optimal parameters of printing including linear speed (10 mm/s), temperature at the beginning (140 <span><math><mi>℃</mi></math></span>) and end of the barrel (180 <span><math><mi>℃</mi></math></span>), chamber's temperature (60 <span><math><mi>℃</mi></math></span>), and nozzle diameter (0.5 mm) were determined experimentally. The debinding and sintering process was performed on 3D-printed samples. The samples are brittle after the sintering process, in such a way that the failure of the samples occurs by applying a small amount of force to them. According to the scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrograph of the fracture cross-section of the sintered samples, the number of cavities and defects in the samples was negligible and the presence of residual carbon can be seen in the sintered samples. According to the results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), the oxidation of iron and chromium elements as well as the presence of residual carbon (7.8 %), are the main factors for the incomplete sintering of the 3D printed samples.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9000,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2307187723001037/pdfft?md5=26d362054cfdf8582763961b68fb9847&pid=1-s2.0-S2307187723001037-main.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"An experimental investigation of screw-based material extrusion 3D printing of metallic parts\",\"authors\":\"Behnam Akhoundi , Fatemeh Sousani\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jer.2023.100102\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><p>With the introduction of additive manufacturing (AM) methods, processes with the capability of 3D printing of metal materials were noticed. In general, AM processes with the ability to 3D print metals are more complex and costly in terms of equipment than processes that 3D print other materials (polymers and ceramics). Therefore, the use of 3D printing devices with less complexity and cost, such as extrusion-based 3D printers, for metal printing has attracted the attention of researchers. In this research, an extrusion-based 3D printer, equipped with a direct granule extruder system, was used for 3D printing of the feedstock of the metal powder injection molding (MPIM) process (with 93.7 % by weight of 440 C stainless steel metal powder). The optimal parameters of printing including linear speed (10 mm/s), temperature at the beginning (140 <span><math><mi>℃</mi></math></span>) and end of the barrel (180 <span><math><mi>℃</mi></math></span>), chamber's temperature (60 <span><math><mi>℃</mi></math></span>), and nozzle diameter (0.5 mm) were determined experimentally. The debinding and sintering process was performed on 3D-printed samples. The samples are brittle after the sintering process, in such a way that the failure of the samples occurs by applying a small amount of force to them. According to the scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrograph of the fracture cross-section of the sintered samples, the number of cavities and defects in the samples was negligible and the presence of residual carbon can be seen in the sintered samples. According to the results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), the oxidation of iron and chromium elements as well as the presence of residual carbon (7.8 %), are the main factors for the incomplete sintering of the 3D printed samples.</p></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":48803,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Journal of Engineering Research\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.9000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-06-01\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2307187723001037/pdfft?md5=26d362054cfdf8582763961b68fb9847&pid=1-s2.0-S2307187723001037-main.pdf\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Journal of Engineering Research\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"5\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2307187723001037\",\"RegionNum\":4,\"RegionCategory\":\"工程技术\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q3\",\"JCRName\":\"ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Engineering Research","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2307187723001037","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
摘要
随着增材制造(AM)方法的引入,具有三维打印金属材料能力的工艺受到关注。一般来说,与三维打印其他材料(聚合物和陶瓷)的工艺相比,具有三维打印金属能力的 AM 工艺在设备方面更为复杂和昂贵。因此,使用复杂性和成本较低的三维打印设备(如基于挤压的三维打印机)进行金属打印引起了研究人员的关注。在这项研究中,配备了直接颗粒挤出机系统的挤出式三维打印机被用于金属粉末注射成型(MPIM)工艺原料(440 C 不锈钢金属粉末的重量占 93.7%)的三维打印。实验确定了最佳打印参数,包括线速度(10 毫米/秒)、料筒起始温度(140 ℃)和末端温度(180 ℃)、腔室温度(60 ℃)和喷嘴直径(0.5 毫米)。对三维打印的样品进行了脱胶和烧结处理。烧结后的样品很脆,因此只需对其施加很小的力,样品就会失效。根据烧结样品断裂横截面的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)显微照片,样品中的空洞和缺陷的数量可以忽略不计,烧结样品中可以看到残碳的存在。根据 X 射线衍射(XRD)和能量色散 X 射线光谱(EDAX)的结果,铁和铬元素的氧化以及残碳(7.8%)的存在是导致 3D 打印样品烧结不完全的主要因素。
An experimental investigation of screw-based material extrusion 3D printing of metallic parts
With the introduction of additive manufacturing (AM) methods, processes with the capability of 3D printing of metal materials were noticed. In general, AM processes with the ability to 3D print metals are more complex and costly in terms of equipment than processes that 3D print other materials (polymers and ceramics). Therefore, the use of 3D printing devices with less complexity and cost, such as extrusion-based 3D printers, for metal printing has attracted the attention of researchers. In this research, an extrusion-based 3D printer, equipped with a direct granule extruder system, was used for 3D printing of the feedstock of the metal powder injection molding (MPIM) process (with 93.7 % by weight of 440 C stainless steel metal powder). The optimal parameters of printing including linear speed (10 mm/s), temperature at the beginning (140 ) and end of the barrel (180 ), chamber's temperature (60 ), and nozzle diameter (0.5 mm) were determined experimentally. The debinding and sintering process was performed on 3D-printed samples. The samples are brittle after the sintering process, in such a way that the failure of the samples occurs by applying a small amount of force to them. According to the scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrograph of the fracture cross-section of the sintered samples, the number of cavities and defects in the samples was negligible and the presence of residual carbon can be seen in the sintered samples. According to the results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), the oxidation of iron and chromium elements as well as the presence of residual carbon (7.8 %), are the main factors for the incomplete sintering of the 3D printed samples.
期刊介绍:
Journal of Engineering Research (JER) is a international, peer reviewed journal which publishes full length original research papers, reviews, case studies related to all areas of Engineering such as: Civil, Mechanical, Industrial, Electrical, Computer, Chemical, Petroleum, Aerospace, Architectural, Biomedical, Coastal, Environmental, Marine & Ocean, Metallurgical & Materials, software, Surveying, Systems and Manufacturing Engineering. In particular, JER focuses on innovative approaches and methods that contribute to solving the environmental and manufacturing problems, which exist primarily in the Arabian Gulf region and the Middle East countries. Kuwait University used to publish the Journal "Kuwait Journal of Science and Engineering" (ISSN: 1024-8684), which included Science and Engineering articles since 1974. In 2011 the decision was taken to split KJSE into two independent Journals - "Journal of Engineering Research "(JER) and "Kuwait Journal of Science" (KJS).