非常规致密储层孔隙结构表征研究进展

A. Mustafa, M. Mahmoud, A. Abdulraheem
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引用次数: 4

摘要

由于常规资源有限,全球不断增长的能源需求促使行业将注意力转向非常规油气资源。非常规油气储量巨大,前景广阔,备受业界关注,但油气大多储存在微纳米孔隙中,连通性较差。由于非常规油藏孔隙网络复杂、孔喉几何形状不规则、孔隙尺寸分布不均匀,对其渗流特性进行定量分析是非常必要的,但也存在一定难度。为了确定孔隙系统的定量和定性特征,人们研究了各种实验技术,包括扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、核磁共振(NMR)、微/纳米计算机断层扫描(XCT)和流体侵入(注汞、毛细管压力和气体吸附/解吸)。通过对结果的比较分析,表明了这些技术能够获得不同孔径下的孔径分布信息和局限性。找到了表征非常规储层孔隙结构的最佳可靠方法。SEM和FE-SEM只能提供表征孔隙形态、分布和连通性的定性参数。微ct扫描图像可以研究孔隙结构和网络的三维图像,但由于在一定分辨率下只能观察小区域,因此成本高,处理时间长,限制了其应用。氮吸附法只能研究致密砂岩中的微孔,但其破坏性限制了其应用。压控汞孔计技术不能直接测定微孔隙度和测定喉道。它不提供孔喉分布。施加高压会破坏孔隙结构。然而,这种压汞恒压速率可以同时用于产生孔喉的孔径和毛细压力。该技术既可以研究小喉道,也可以研究大孔体,但该技术在最大注入压力方面存在局限性。核磁共振与其他技术相结合,可以直接对孔喉分布、孔径大小、孔隙流体饱和度、总孔隙度和有效孔隙度、渗透率等孔隙结构特征进行定性和定量描述。对不同分析方法的详细分析表明,没有一种方法能够完全表征非常规致密岩的孔隙结构。多种技术的结合是完整描述和准确测定孔隙结构特征的最佳解决方案。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
A Review of Pore Structure Characterization of Unconventional Tight Reservoirs
The global growing energy demand driving the industry attention towards unconventional oil/gas resources due to limited conventional resources. Huge reserves of unconventional makes them promising and draw the industry attention, however oil/gas is stored in micro to nano scale pores with poor connectivity. It is very essential however difficult to quantify the flow characteristics in porous media in unconventional reservoirs due to complex pore network, irregular geometry of pore throat and non-homogeneous pore size distribution. Various experimental techniques to determine quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pore systems have been studied including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), micro/nano computed tomography (XCT), and fluid invasion (mercury injection capillary pressure and gas adsorption/desorption). The comparison analysis of results has been carried out that exhibited the ability of these techniques to get the information about the pore size distribution and limitations for different pore sizes. Best and reliable technique for characterizing the pore structures in unconventional has been identified. SEM and FE-SEM are only able to provide the qualitative parameters for pore morphology, distribution and connectivity of pores. Three-dimensional image of pore structure and network could be studied through micro-CT scan images however, its high expense and huge processing time due to observation of small region at certain resolution make its use limited. Nitrogen adsorption is only able to study the micropores in tight sandstones but it destructive nature limits its usage. Pressure controlled mercury porosimeter technique is not able to determine the microporosity directly and determine the throat. It does not provide pore throat distribution. Application of high pressure may damage the pore structure. However, this mercury injection constant pressure rate can be applied for yielding both pore sizes and capillary pressure of pore throats. Both small throat and large pore body can be investigated through this technique, but this technique has limitation in maximum injection pressure. NMR is able to provide the qualitative and quantitative delineation of pore structures features such as pore throat distribution, sizes, and pore fluid saturation, total and effective porosity, and permeability directly if supplemented with other techniques. Detailed analyses of different analytical techniques resulted that none of the technique is able to fully characterize the pore structure of unconventional tight rocks. Combination of more than one technique is the best solution for complete description and accurate determination of pore structure characteristics.
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