北美压裂行业趋势:页岩革命带来的创新

L. Weijers, C. Wright, M. Mayerhofer, M. Pearson, L. Griffin, P. Weddle
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引用次数: 20

摘要

70年来,水力压裂一直是北美油气开发的一部分。水力压裂最早是在1947年进行的。1949年开始商业运营。经过20多年的发展,压裂技术在20世纪70年代末开始应用于致密砂岩气藏。将水力压裂技术的讨论带到餐桌、酒吧和足球场边的改变者,是最近的一项进展,它使直接从页岩烃源岩中开采天然气和石油成为可能。自20世纪90年代初页岩压裂开始以来,压裂技术和压力泵行业提供压裂服务的效率几乎发生了翻天覆地的变化。其结果就是改变世界的页岩革命。通过研究行业数据库,作者汇编了一份北美水力压裂活动的行业回顾,该活动可追溯到20世纪40年代末的第一次工作。从20世纪50年代到90年代初,年压裂级数为1万至3万级/年,而最近的峰值水平显示,年压裂级数的变化接近50万级/年(图1)。虽然北美行业的压裂马力在2000年至2018年间增长了约10倍,但北美的年压裂级数增长了20倍,支撑剂的泵送量增长了40倍。作者展示了油气行业如何通过创新和提高效率,在降低服务交付成本方面实现阶段性转变,从而在降低盈亏平衡生产成本的情况下,实现非常规资源的持续经济发展。技术变革,在压裂诊断、综合建模和统计分析的帮助下,大大降低了商业生产每桶石油的成本。因此,页岩压裂设计的重点是更高强度的完井,更紧凑的分段和簇间距,通过极端有限的射孔设计和同步拉链压裂来改善导流,增加每口井的支撑剂质量,利用下一代压裂液来提高采出水的回收量,并使用更便宜、质量更低的支撑剂。与此同时,油气生产的环境足迹一直在缩小,并将继续缩小,因为操作变化继续使我们的行业成为一个更好的伙伴,例如通过更少的区块位置更快的建井,开发安静的车队,更环保的压裂化学,压裂焦点披露等。油气运营商及其服务提供商共同使用技术和创新来提高效率,并增加每个压裂人员的总体每日泵入时间。然而,在技术和效率方面还有很大的改进空间。我们相信这是第一个涵盖美国水力压裂活动的行业数据库,可以追溯到20世纪40年代。我们希望这篇文章能够提供一个独特的视角,说明我们的行业是如何通过页岩革命发生变化的。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Trends in the North American Frac Industry: Invention through the Shale Revolution
Hydraulic fracturing has been a part of oil & gas development in North America for seven decades. Hydraulic fracturing was first conducted in 1947. Commercial operations began in 1949. After over twenty years fracturing took a large step up in the late-1970s with its application to tight gas sand formations. The game changer that brought discussion of hydraulic fracturing to dinner tables, bars and sidelines of soccer games is the recent advances that enable commercial extraction of natural gas and oil directly from shale source rocks. Since the start of shale fracturing in the early-1990s, fracturing technology and the pressure pumping industry's efficiency in delivering fracturing services have changed almost beyond recognition. The result has been the world-changing Shale Revolution. Through researching industry databases, the authors have compiled an industry-wide review of North American hydraulic fracturing activity dating back to the first work done in the late 1940s. Yearly stage count in the 1950s through the early 1990s was 10,000 – 30,000 stages/year, while recent peak levels show a step change in activity aproaching 500,000 stages/year (Fig. 1). While the North American industry's fracturing horsepower grew about 10-fold between 2000 and 2018, yearly frac stage count grew 20-fold in North America and proppant mass pumped grew 40-fold. The authors show how the industry achieved a step-change in reducing service delivery cost through innovation and efficiency, allowing sustained economic development of unconventional resources at decreasing breakeven production costs. Technological changes, as assisted by a better understanding through frac diagnostics, integrated modeling and statistical analysis have enabled the large cost reduction to commercially produce a barrel of oil. As a result, shale frac designs have focused on higher intensity completions with tighter stage and cluster spacing, improved diversion through extreme limited entry perforation design and simultaneous and zipper frac'ing, increasing proppant mass per well, utilizing next-generation frac fluids to increase produced water recycling and using cheaper lower-quality proppant. At the same time, the environmental footprint of oil & gas production has been shrinking and will continue to do so as operational changes continue to make our industry a better neighbor, for example through faster well construction utilizing fewer pad locations, development of quiet fleets, greener frac chemistry, frac focus disclosure, etc. Together, oil and gas operators and their service providers have used technology & innovation to improve efficiencies and increase the overall daily pump time per frac crew. However, there is plenty of room for further improvements in technology and efficiency. We believe this is the first industry database of its kind covering hydraulic fracturing activity in the United States, going back to the 1940s. We hope this paper provides a unique perspective of how our industry has changed through the Shale Revolution.
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