有毒化学品信息来源

B. Cohrssen
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引用次数: 0

摘要

了解到哪里去获取有关化学品对健康影响的最新和最先进的信息,对于有效保护工人和环境至关重要。获取信息的手段每天都在变化,职业健康和安全信息的数量也在增加。寻找信息来准备MSDS,响应紧急情况,满足立法和监管要求,确定疾病的原因,或制定健康和安全计划可能是具有挑战性的,压倒性的和耗时的。对毒理学信息和数据感兴趣的不仅仅是工人、毒理学家、工业卫生学家、律师和监管机构。公众对工业化学品对健康的影响越来越感兴趣。这取决于谁想要这些信息,以及他们为什么想要这些信息,这将影响信息的用途,以及需要多少关于该化学品的细节。对一些人来说,知道对健康的基本影响是刺激呼吸或皮肤就足够了。对另一些人来说,了解化学物质在体内工作的机制是他们感兴趣的,也是他们所需要的。对另一些人来说,信息是紧急需要的,所以无论获得什么信息,都必须迅速获得。信息的近代性可能会影响所使用的信息源。电子数据库可能不是最好的资源,虽然电子数据库已成为生活中的一个事实,而且可能是大多数人查找化学信息和毒理学数据的第一参考来源。电子数据库可以包括cd - rom和在线数据库,这些数据库可以直接从DIALOG、MEDLINE或CCOHS等服务提供商处获得,也可以通过Internet获得。政府的信息来源通常是免费的;然而,许多其他服务都是收费的。全面的资料和数据对于制定保护人民和环境免受接触某种化学品的影响的条例是必要的;所有这些信息可能无法从电子来源获得。但电子数据源是快速查找当前毒理学数据的地方。有许多不同的方法可以找到电子数据源,这些方法将在本章后面讨论。有许多不同类型的安全、健康和毒理学信息来源。这些包括传统的纸质资源,如书籍、期刊和期刊,它们在1970年之前是典型的信息来源。也有灰色数据。灰色数据可以包括尚未发表的私人或政府研究报告、公司目录和材料安全数据表(msds)。这些信息源被称为灰色数据,因为它们很难找到,而且并不总是随时可用。健康和安全数据的其他来源还有法律、标准和公开的专利。联邦OSHA健康标准的序言提供了一种化学品的历史流行病学数据。本章讨论了信息搜索的基本机制,一般的或传统的获取信息的地方,然后是特定的资源。在这个资源极大扩展的时代,在一章中只提供特定的资源不仅浪费时间,而且对读者是一种伤害。关键词:毒理学文献检索;ca数字;互联网;Web搜索;来源;美国政府技术信息中心;软件;国立卫生研究院;疾病预防控制中心;OSHA;食品及药物管理局;有毒物质;抽象;化学文摘;索引;发布信息;图书馆;数据库;NTIS;NIST的;有毒化学物质
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Toxic Chemical Information Sources
Knowing where to go to get relevant up-to-date as well as state-of-the-art information about the health effects of a chemical is essential for effective protection of workers and the environment. The means to access information is changing every day and the amount of occupational health and safety information is expanding. Finding information to prepare a MSDS, to respond to an emergency, to meet legislative and regulatory requirements, to determine the cause of an illness, or to develop a health and safety program can be challenging, overwhelming, and time-consuming. Toxicological information and data are of interest to more than workers, toxicologists, industrial hygienists, lawyers, and regulators. The general public is increasingly interested in the health effects of industrial chemicals. Depending upon who wants the information and why they want it affects the use it will have and the amount of detail required about the chemical. For some, knowing that the basic health effects are respiratory or skin irritation is enough. For others, knowing the mechanics of the way the chemical works in the body will be of interest and required. For still others, the information is needed for an emergency so that whatever information is obtained must be gained quickly. The recency of the information may affect which information sources are used. Electronic data bases, which have become a fact of life and are probably now the first source of reference for most people looking for chemical information and toxicological data, may not be the best resource. Electronic data bases can include both CD-ROMs and on-line databases available either directly from the service provider such as DIALOG, MEDLINE, or CCOHS or via the Internet. The government sources of information are usually free; however, there are fees for many of the other services. Comprehensive information and data are necessary to develop regulations to protect people and the environment from the effects of exposure from a chemical; all of this information may not be available from an electronic source. But electronic data sources are the places to go to quickly to find current toxicological data. There are a number of different methods of finding electronic data sources, and they are discussed later in the chapter. There are a number of different types of safety, health, and toxicological information sources. These include traditional paper sources such as books, journals, and periodicals which were the typical sources of information before about 1970. There are also gray data. Gray data can include private or government research reports that have not been published, company catalogs, and material safety data sheets (MSDSs). These information sources are called gray data because they are difficult to find and are not always readily available. Still other sources of health and safety data are laws, standards, and patents in print. A preamble to a Federal OSHA health standard provides historical epidemiological data about a chemical. This chapter discusses basic mechanics of information searching, general or traditional places to go for information, and then specific resources. To provide a chapter with just specific sources in this age of greatly expanding possible resources would be both a waste of time and a disservice to readers. Keywords: Toxicological literature searching; CAS Numbers; Internet; Web searching; Sources; U.S. Government Technical Information Centers; Software; National Institutes of Health; Center for Disease Control and Prevention; OSHA; FDA; ATSDR; Abstracting; Chemical Abstracts; Indexing; Published information; Libraries; Databases; NTIS; NIST; Toxic chemicals
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