汗腺功能生理学:出汗和汗液成分对人体健康的作用。

Lindsay B Baker
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引用次数: 0

摘要

本综述旨在1) 回顾汗腺功能的生理学以及决定排泄到皮肤表面的汗液数量和成分的机制;2) 概述汗腺已确立的体温调节功能和适应性反应;3) 讨论汗液在维护和/或扰乱人类健康方面的潜在非体温调节作用的证据状况。与通过肾脏和胃肠道排泄废物和毒物的其他途径相比,出汗在排泄废物和毒物方面的作用似乎微不足道;因为肾上腺并不适应通过浓缩汗液或增加总出汗率来提高排泄率。研究表明汗腺在清除体内废物或毒物方面发挥着更大的作用,这可能是方法问题造成的假象,而不是选择性运输的证据。此外,与肾脏系统不同,汗腺似乎并不通过血管加压素介导的水分重吸收来保存水分流失或浓缩汗液。汗液中 NaCl 浓度较高的人(如囊性纤维化患者)在长时间大量出汗时出现 NaCl 失衡的风险会增加;不过,汗液引起的微量元素和维生素缺乏的风险似乎很小。还需要进行更多的研究,以阐明肾上腺分泌的汗液在皮肤水合和微生物防御中的潜在作用。最后,汗液成分作为人体生理学生物标志物的作用目前还很有限;因为还需要更多的研究来确定汗液和血液溶质浓度之间的潜在关系。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Physiology of sweat gland function: The roles of sweating and sweat composition in human health.

The purpose of this comprehensive review is to: 1) review the physiology of sweat gland function and mechanisms determining the amount and composition of sweat excreted onto the skin surface; 2) provide an overview of the well-established thermoregulatory functions and adaptive responses of the sweat gland; and 3) discuss the state of evidence for potential non-thermoregulatory roles of sweat in the maintenance and/or perturbation of human health. The role of sweating to eliminate waste products and toxicants seems to be minor compared with other avenues of excretion via the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract; as eccrine glands do not adapt to increase excretion rates either via concentrating sweat or increasing overall sweating rate. Studies suggesting a larger role of sweat glands in clearing waste products or toxicants from the body may be an artifact of methodological issues rather than evidence for selective transport. Furthermore, unlike the renal system, it seems that sweat glands do not conserve water loss or concentrate sweat fluid through vasopressin-mediated water reabsorption. Individuals with high NaCl concentrations in sweat (e.g. cystic fibrosis) have an increased risk of NaCl imbalances during prolonged periods of heavy sweating; however, sweat-induced deficiencies appear to be of minimal risk for trace minerals and vitamins. Additional research is needed to elucidate the potential role of eccrine sweating in skin hydration and microbial defense. Finally, the utility of sweat composition as a biomarker for human physiology is currently limited; as more research is needed to determine potential relations between sweat and blood solute concentrations.

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