A novel platform to study the effect of small-scale turbulent density fluctuations on underwater imaging in the ocean

Optical signal transmission is an important component of numerous underwater applications, including visibility and electro-optical (EO) communication. In addition to the well-studied effect of particle backscatter, underwater optical signal transmission can be limited by changes in the index of refraction (IOR) due to small-scale variations in temperature and salinity, sometimes called “optical turbulence”. These variations in IOR, which are associated with oceanic turbulence, can lead to the blurring of an underwater optical target, particularly at high spatial frequencies, thus reducing target detail. The 2011 Bahamas Optical Turbulence Experiment (BOTEX) was conducted to investigate this impact of turbulence on underwater optical signal transmission. Investigating naturally occurring “optical turbulence” requires a platform held at depth, capable of concurrent measurements of optical impairment by turbulence, which requires a significant optical path length, as well as associated physical and optical background conditions of the ambient environment. Our novel platform consisted of a high-speed camera and optical target mounted on a $5m$-long frame, along with several Nortek Vector Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) and PME Conductivity–Temperature (CT) probes, to estimate turbulent kinetic energy and temperature variance dissipation rates experienced by the frame. Data on the background turbulence was collected with a Rockland Oceanographic Vertical Microstructure Profiler, to aid in analysis and guide error estimates of the ADV/CT measurements. This study was the first effort attempting to collect turbulence measurements on a frame designed for the investigation of the effect of density microstructure variations on optical signal transmission in the open ocean. Our results highlight the numerous challenges associated with studying this phenomenon in the dynamic oceanic environment. Here, we present the interpretation of the high-resolution velocity and temperature measurements collected on the frame and discuss the associated difficulties. Despite the numerous challenges, the investigation of the effect of microstructure on underwater optics is needed for efforts aimed at mitigating the impact of “optical turbulence” on underwater EO signal transmission and may help advance optical methods to quantify oceanic microstructure.