Berries: a review of flavonoids.

Abstract Flavonoids occur naturally and are derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. There is growing evidence of the preventive and protective roles of anthocyanins against a wide range of pathologies, including different types of cancer and metabolic diseases. However, most red fruits available to consumers typically contain only small amounts of anthocyanins, mainly limited to the epidermis of plant organs. Therefore, we reviewed the current literature on the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in berries, including the structural and regulatory genes involved in the differential pigmentation patterns of plant structures, as well as management and cultural treatments. Also, the genetic regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in different red fruits is explored to observe and create strategies to increase biosynthesis and anthocyanin accumulation. It is concluded that the regulation, transport and accumulation of flavonoids varies markedly between species, and is influenced by abiotic and biotic factors.