冷应力与应变

H. Mahar
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引用次数: 1

摘要

人体具有调节体温的能力,可在各种外界环境温度下将体温维持在正常(即37℃)的1℃以内。当人体向环境散失的热量大于其维持体内稳态温度的能力时,机体就会对外界的低温应激产生冷应变反应。长期暴露在低于正常体温的温度下,身体的体温调节能力无法适应,可能导致与寒冷相关的组织损伤或引起其他系统性变化,包括体温过低和死亡。这些损伤可能涉及局部组织损伤,当组织实际冻结时(例如,冻伤),或者由于组织中不冻结的条件足以造成暂时或永久的血管损伤(例如,冻疮,浸脚)。热量损失足以克服身体的体温调节机制,从而导致身体深处温度的严重下降,最终导致体温过低和死亡。暴露于冷应激也可能产生生理或代谢变化或内分泌系统的变化,影响判断或行为,或加剧现有的医疗状况(如心血管疾病)。对于急性暴露,身体对冷应激的反应是热损失率、个体暴露的温度和暴露时间的函数。对于产生细微内分泌和代谢变化的慢性暴露,暴露的日或季节(例如,每年一次)周期性可能比暴露的环境温度更重要。在评估暴露于冷应激的影响时,人们应该区分身体适应这种压力(体内平衡反应机制)时产生的正常变化和身体超过体内平衡反应机制时产生的实际损害或破坏。关键词:冷应力;普遍反应;体温调节的控制;延迟热调节控制;适应;伤害;冻伤;非冻害;体温过低;手动性能;认知功能;内分泌功能;呼吸系统;免疫反应;致癌作用;控制;暴露标准
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Cold Stress and Strain
The human body has the thermoregulatory capacity to maintain its body temperature within about 1°C of normal (i.e., 37°C) under a variety of external environmental temperatures. When the body's heat loss to the environment is greater than its ability to maintain its internal homeostatic temperature, the body undergoes cold strain in response to the external cold temperature stress. Prolonged exposure to any temperature less than normal body temperature to which the body's thermoregulatory capacity cannot accommodate may result in cold-related injuries to tissues or cause other systemic changes, including hypothermia and death. Those injuries may involve local tissue damage that results when the tissue actually freezes (e.g., frostbite) or that can result from nonfreezing conditions in tissue sufficient to cause temporary or permanent vascular damage (e.g., chilblain, immersion foot). Heat loss sufficient to overcome the body's thermoregulatory mechanisms can produce a critical drop in the body's deep-core temperature and eventually hypothermia and death. Exposure to cold stress may also produce physiological or metabolic changes or shifts in endocrine systems, affect judgment or behavior, or exacerbate existing medical conditions (e.g., cardiovascular disease). For acute exposures, the body's response to cold stress is a function of the rate of heat loss, the temperature to which the individual is exposed, and the duration of exposure. For chronic exposures which produce subtle endocrine and metabolic shifts, the diurnal or seasonal (e.g., circannual) periodicity of that exposure may be more important than the environmental temperature to which the person is exposed. In assessing the impacts of exposures to cold stress, one should differentiate between normal changes that result as the body accommodates to that stress (homeostatic response mechanisms) and actual damage or disruption that result when the body's homeostatic response mechanisms are exceeded. Keywords: Cold stress; Prevalence response; Thermoregulatory control; Delayed thermoregulatory control; Adaptation; Injuries; Freezing cold injuries; Nonfreezing cold injuries; Hypothermia; Manual performance; Cognitive function; Endocrine function; Respiratory system; Immunological responses; Carcinogenesis; Control; Exposure standards
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