Integrated Safety and Security Enhancement of Connected Automated Vehicles Using DHR Architecture

Safety and security are interrelated and both essential for connected automated vehicles (CAVs). They are usually investigated independently, followed in standards ISO 26262 and ISO/SAE 21434 respectively. However, more functional safety and security features of in-vehicle components making existing safety mechanisms weaken security mechanisms and vice versa. This results in a dilemma that the safety-critical and security-critical in-vehicle components can not be protected. In this paper, we propose a dynamic heterogeneous redundancy (DHR) architecture to enhance safety and security of CAVs simultaneously. We first investigate the current status of integrated safety and security analysis and explore the relationship between safety and security. Then, we propose a new taxonomy of in-vehicle components based on safety and security features. Finally, a dynamic heterogeneous redundancy (DHR) architecture is proposed to guarantee integrated functional safety and cyber security of connected vehicles for the first time. A case study on an automated bus shows that DHR architecture can not only detect unknown failures and ensure functional safety, but also detect unknown attacks to protect cyber security. Furthermore, we provide an in-depth analysis of quantification for CAVs performance using DHR architecture, and identify challenges and future research directions. Overall, the integrated safety and security enhancement is an emerging research.