Challenges for development of technology for prevention of anode passivation during electrorefining of low-grade copper

of copper when the copper anode contains a high concentration of impurities. When the amount of secondary materials (scraps) used is increased, the process of electrorefining is frequently troubled because e-waste contains elements that induce anode passivation. Therefore, the development of passivation-prevention technology for low-grade copper anode is essential. This article reviews previous research on the behavior of impurities in the Cu anode and their effects on passivation. The guiding principles for developing passivation-prevention technology are also outlined.