神经胶质细胞与神经元之间的代谢交换策略

Joachim W Deitmer
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引用次数: 70

摘要

大脑是一个主要的能量消耗者,依赖于碳水化合物和氧气的供应。神经元的电和突触活动只有在ATP充足的情况下才能维持。神经胶质细胞长期以来一直被认为具有营养功能,似乎在满足活跃神经元的能量需求方面起着关键作用。在高神经元活动的条件下,许多胶质细胞的功能,如离子稳态的维持,突触区域的神经递质清除,高能化合物的供应和钙信号,都受到挑战。在脊椎动物的大脑中,星形胶质细胞可能增加葡萄糖的利用并释放乳酸,乳酸被神经元吸收和消耗,通过氧化代谢产生ATP。产生的二氧化碳主要在星形胶质细胞中处理,星形胶质细胞显示出大脑中碳酸酐酶的主要活性。质子和碳酸氢盐反过来可能有助于驱动酸/碱偶联转运体。在本文中,我们讨论了一种情景,它耦合了能量的转移和二氧化碳的转化与高亲和力谷氨酸摄取和其他运输过程在胶质和神经元细胞膜。这些转运体可以与神经胶质信号传导相联系,并可能在细胞水平上相互合作。这可以节省能量,并将使神经胶质细胞和神经元之间的能量交换过程更有效。功能影响和生理反应,特别是在化学敏感的大脑区域,讨论。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Strategies for metabolic exchange between glial cells and neurons

The brain is a major energy consumer and dependent on carbohydrate and oxygen supply. Electrical and synaptic activity of neurons can only be sustained given sufficient availability of ATP. Glial cells, which have long been assigned trophic functions, seem to play a pivotal role in meeting the energy requirements of active neurons. Under conditions of high neuronal activity, a number of glial functions, such as the maintenance of ion homeostasis, neurotransmitter clearance from synaptic domains, the supply of energetic compounds and calcium signalling, are challenged. In the vertebrate brain, astrocytes may increase glucose utilization and release lactate, which is taken up and consumed by neurons to generate ATP by oxidative metabolism. The CO2 produced is processed primarily in astrocytes, which display the major activity of carboanhydrase in the brain. Protons and bicarbonate in turn may contribute to drive acid/base-coupled transporters. In the present article a scenario is discussed which couples the transfer of energy and the conversion of CO2 with the high-affinity glutamate uptake and other transport processes at glial and neuronal cell membranes. The transporters can be linked to glial signalling and may cooperate with each other at the cellular level. This could save energy, and would render energy exchange processes between glial cells and neurons more effective. Functions implications and physiological responses, in particular in chemosensitive brain areas, are discussed.

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