卤化物钙钛矿的组成工程

Qin-Yi Li
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Pioneered by Prof. Tsutomu Miyasaka and colleagues from Toin University of Yokohama in Japan in 2009, the labscale halide perovskite PV device has witnessed a PCE enhancement from 3.8% to above 20%, which is comparable to silicon, during just one decade. Currently, the commercialization of halide perovskite solar cells is hindered by two profound issues. The first obstacle is the long-term instability under operational conditions involving atmospheric moisture, raised temperature, and real sunlight. For example, CH3NH3PbI3, a typical high-efficiency perovskite PV material, degrades easily at 120 °C. Second, the high-efficiency perovskites contain the toxic lead element, which can potentially harm the environment and human health and thus has been a major concern for commercialization. Many efforts have been devoted to addressing these issues. Especially, the compositional tuning of the perovskites, like the mixing of cations and anions, has led to remarkable improvements. 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引用次数: 4

摘要

如今,直接将阳光转化为电能的硅基光伏板已经在商业上用于个人建筑和小型发电厂。然而,晶体硅光伏组件的生产消耗了大量的能源和化石燃料,因此硅太阳能电池的整个生命周期并不像你想象的那样绿色。因此,几十年来,研究人员一直在探索低成本、高能效的非硅基光伏技术,其中卤化物钙钛矿基光伏以其简单的基于解决方案的制造和具有竞争力的功率转换效率(PCE)迅速脱颖而出,吸引了大量的研究工作。2009年,日本横滨Toin大学的Tsutomu Miyasaka教授及其同事率先开发了labscale卤化物钙钛矿光伏设备,在短短十年内,PCE从3.8%提高到20%以上,与硅相当。目前,卤化物钙钛矿太阳能电池的商业化受到两个深刻问题的阻碍。第一个障碍是在操作条件下的长期不稳定性,包括大气湿度、升高的温度和真实的阳光。例如,CH3NH3PbI3是一种典型的高效钙钛矿光伏材料,在120°C下容易降解。其次,高效钙钛矿含有有毒的铅元素,可能对环境和人类健康造成潜在危害,因此一直是商业化的主要问题。为解决这些问题作出了许多努力。特别是,钙钛矿的成分调整,如阳离子和阴离子的混合,导致了显着的改进。目前,迫切需要在复合工程方向上进一步研究钙钛矿的稳定性、效率和毒性问题。在这期中,我们有两篇关于非传统成分卤化物钙钛矿的文章。Bhorde等人将Rb掺入bi基双钙钛矿中,首次合成了Rb2AgBiI6钙钛矿薄膜。该无铅卤化物双钙钛矿的带隙约为1.98 eV,在高达440℃的温度下具有优异的热稳定性,在无毒、热稳定的钙钛矿光伏和光电子领域具有广阔的应用前景。Jathar等人报道了一种无机金属卤化物钙钛矿CsPbBr3的简便合成方法,有助于加速成分调整钙钛矿的合成。除了钙钛矿的研究外,本刊还收录了其他重要材料的组成工程方面的文章。(Gd,Y)AG:Ce基荧光粉因其优异的黄光发射性能而受到广泛关注。Ma等人用Ga或Mg、Si离子部分取代了(Gd,Y)AG:Ce中的Al,并观察到随着成分浓度的变化可调谐的颜色发射。陶瓷复合材料方面,Yang等人在Si3N4/SiC陶瓷中加入了0.3%的石墨烯薄片。由于石墨烯添加剂引起的裂纹偏转,陶瓷的断裂强度提高了35%。这些通过调整成分来控制材料性能的持续努力见证了材料研究史上的巨大成功。在未来,加速发现优质材料将需要开发更快的合成方法,高通量特性表征,以及机器学习和人工智能的结合。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Compositional Engineering of Halide Perovskites
Nowadays, silicon-based photovoltaic (PV) panels that directly convert sunlight into electricity have been commercially available for both individual buildings and small-scale power plants. However, the production of crystalline silicon PV modules consumes a lot of energy and fossil fuels, thus the whole life cycle of silicon solar cells is not as green as you think. Therefore, researchers have been exploring low-cost and energy-efficient non-silicon-based PV technologies for decades, among which the halide perovskitebased PV quickly stood out and has attracted tremendous research efforts due to its simple solution-based fabrication and competitive power conversion efficiency (PCE). Pioneered by Prof. Tsutomu Miyasaka and colleagues from Toin University of Yokohama in Japan in 2009, the labscale halide perovskite PV device has witnessed a PCE enhancement from 3.8% to above 20%, which is comparable to silicon, during just one decade. Currently, the commercialization of halide perovskite solar cells is hindered by two profound issues. The first obstacle is the long-term instability under operational conditions involving atmospheric moisture, raised temperature, and real sunlight. For example, CH3NH3PbI3, a typical high-efficiency perovskite PV material, degrades easily at 120 °C. Second, the high-efficiency perovskites contain the toxic lead element, which can potentially harm the environment and human health and thus has been a major concern for commercialization. Many efforts have been devoted to addressing these issues. Especially, the compositional tuning of the perovskites, like the mixing of cations and anions, has led to remarkable improvements. At present, further research in the direction of compositional engineering is urgently desired to balance the stability, efficiency, and toxicity issues of perovskites. In this issue, we have two articles on halide perovskites with non-traditional compositions. Bhorde et al. incorporated Rb in Bi-based double perovskite and synthesized Rb2AgBiI6 perovskite thin films for the first time. This lead-free halide double perovskite showed a bandgap of about 1.98 eV and superior thermal stability at a temperature as high as 440 °C, which indicates promising applications in non-toxic and thermally-stable perovskite photovoltaics and optoelectronics. Jathar et al. report a facile synthesis method of an inorganic metal halide perovskite, CsPbBr3, which could help accelerate the synthesis of compositionally adjusted perovskites. Besides the perovskite research, this issue also collects articles on the compositional engineering of other important materials. The (Gd,Y)AG:Ce based phosphors have attracted much attention because of the excellent yellow light emission properties. Ma et al. partly substituted Al in (Gd,Y)AG:Ce by Ga or Mg, Si ions, and observed tunable color emission as the concentrations of the compositions changed. As for ceramic composites, Yang et al. added 0.3% content of graphene platelets to the Si3N4/SiC ceramics. Because of the crack deflection induced by the graphene additive, the fracture strength of the ceramic was enhanced by up to 35%. These continuing efforts of controlling materials properties by adjusting the compositions have witnessed great success in the history of materials research. In the future, the acceleration of the discovery of superior materials will require the development of faster synthesis methods, high-throughput properties characterization, as well as the incorporation of machine learning and AI.
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