Application of Nanotechnology in Immunity against Infection

The immune system has a physiological defense function, protecting the body from infectious diseases. Antibiotics have long been one of the most important means to treat infectious diseases, but in recent years, with the emergence of more and more multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, it has become urgent to find new ways or drugs to treat infectious diseases. Nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted extensive attention owing to the special properties within the particle size range of 1–100 nanometers. In addition, NPs also have special shape symmetry and relative structural stability. The emergence of nanotechnology has brought new light to the widespread existence of MDR by its different antibacterial mechanisms. In addition to antibiotic nanocarriers being able to improve the antibacterial effect of antibiotics, some NPs also have certain antibacterial effect. What is more interesting is that linking functional groups on the surface of NPS as coatings can improve the stability of the whole system and improve the biocompatibility. The present review overviews the development of antimicrobial agents, so as to better understand the causes and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in most microbial species, and to better think and explore new strategies to solve the problem. At the same time, this review introduces how nanotechnology can be applied to anti-infection immunity and its practical application and advantages in the treatment of infection.