失败的俄罗斯帝国:东正教的角色

IF 0.2 Q2 HISTORY
G. Freeze
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引用次数: 0

摘要

本文的目的是评估东正教在二月革命前奏中的作用。近代西方学者对第一次世界大战的史学研究强调了教会,无论是新教还是天主教,在维持民众对这场带来了前所未有的死亡、苦难和艰辛的战争的支持方面所发挥的作用。这项新研究试图解释“忍耐问题”(Durchhaltsproblem),指出西方的教会一直到战争结束都是现存政权的支柱,也是动员支持和爱国主义来捍卫每个国家“文明”的有效工具。因此,与卓越的军事计划和有效的管理同等重要的是,教会提供了关键的支持,提高了部队和平民的士气。俄罗斯的情况并非如此。由于手头资源有限,东正教会提供了最初但短暂的支持。正如这里所显示的,教会不仅不能,而且不愿意接受古代政权:在普遍厌战的背景下,教会精英、教区神职人员和普通教区居民越来越决心追求自己的利益,而不是国家的利益。到1917年2月,教会没有谴责而是欢迎推翻君主制,最终导致布尔什维克夺取政权和多年残酷的内战。波基纳的专著《灾难前夕》。1914-1917年俄罗斯的国家和经济“有许多积极的因素,但重要的是要关注俄罗斯东正教会的作用——考虑到最近的史学,教会和宗教在维持社会承受第一次世界大战的意愿方面的作用。”
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Imperial Russia as a Failed State: The Role of Orthodox Church
The purpose of this article is to assess the role of the Orthodox Church during the prelude to the February Revolution. Recent historiography on the Great War in Western scholarship has foregrounded the role of the Churches, Protestant and Catholic, in sustaining popular support for a war that entailed unprecedented death, suffering, and hardship. That new research, seeking to explain the “endurance problem” (Durchhaltsproblem), point to the Churches in the West as the pillar of the existing regimes right to the very end of the war and as an effective instrument in mobilizing support and patriotism to defend each country’s “civilization”. Hence, no less important than brilliant military plans and effective governance, the Churches provided critical support and raised morale of both troops and civilians. Such was not the case in Russia. With few resources at its disposal, the Orthodox Church provided initial but ephemeral support. As is shown here, the Church was not only unable but unwilling to embrace the ancient regime: against a background of general war weariness, the Church elites, parish clergy, and ordinary parishioners were increasingly determined to pursue their own interests, not those of the state. By February 1917 the Church did not condemn but welcomed the overthrow of the monarchy that ultimately led to the Bolshevik seizure of power and years of brutal civil war. The monograph by I. V. Potkina “On the eve of the catastrophe. The state and the economy in Russia in 1914–1917” has many positive elements, but it is important — given recent historiography, which foregrounds the role of Churches and religion in sustaining society’s willingness to endure the Great War — to pay attention to the role of the Russian Orthodox Church.
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