Intraspecific encounters can induce home-range shifts

Direct encounters, in which two or more individuals are physically close to one another, are a topic of increasing interest as more and better movement data become available. Recent progress, including the development of statistical tools for estimating robust measures of changes in animals’ space use over time, facilitates opportunities to link direct encounters between individuals with the long-term consequences of those encounters. Working with movement data for coyotes (Canis latrans) and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis), we investigate whether close intraspecific encounters were associated with spatial shifts in the animals’ range distributions, as might be expected if one or both of the individuals involved in an encounter were seeking to reduce or avoid conflict over space. We analyze the movement data of a pair of coyotes in detail, identifying how a shift in home range location resulting from altered movement behavior was apparently a consequence of a close intraspecific encounter. With grizzly bear movement data, we approach the problem from the perspective of a set of encounter pairs within a population. We find support for the hypotheses that 1) close intraspecific encounters between bears are, on average, associated with subsequent shifts in range distributions and 2) encounters defined at finer spatial scales are followed by greater changes in space use. Our results suggest that animals can undertake long-term, large-scale spatial shifts in response to close intraspecific encounters that have the potential for conflict. These results lend support for existing theory on the evolution of territories and space use (e.g., Maynard-Smith’s bourgeois strategy regarding low-conflict coexistence). Overall, we find that analyses of movement data in a pairwise context can 1) identify distances at which individuals’ proximity to one another may alter behavior and 2) facilitate testing of population-level hypotheses concerning the potential for direct encounters to alter individuals’ space use. Open Research Statement Movement data for the coyotes and grizzly bears are posted on Movebank.org as datasets 1614661371 and 1044288582, respectively. Statistical tools for estimating, manipulating, and comparing home ranges from movement data are implemented in the open-source R package ctmm. R scripts used to carry out specific analyses for this study are openly available on GitHub at https://github.com/anagkrish/encounter_homerangeshift.