PIGS ECONOMIES: BAIL-OUT VS. BAIL-IN

This paper analyzes bail-out and bail-in programs in the Eurozone periphery economies after the transformation of the global crisis into a debt crisis. Continuous rise of debt service costs was leading PIGS economies (Portugal, Ireland, Greece, Spain) either to abandon of Eurozone or to negotiate rescue programs. Using Panel corrected standard errors (PCSE) method, the research shows that bail-out programs had a negative effect on GDP growth in PIGS economies in the period 2011-2019, as the consequence of crowding-out effects. However, the results showed that bail-out programs could positively affect fiscal variables. An alternative solution is the bail-in mechanism, which is a sustainable mechanism that does not burden taxpayers. Based on examples of banks in Spain and Portugal, results show that using bail-in programs, panic and contagion effects could be avoided; however, in the case of future crisis, the effects of bail-in programs on the real economy still need to be examined.