Advances in developing protonic ceramic cells

Protonic ceramic cells (PCCs) are environmentally friendly energy conversion devices that operate in the intermediate temperatures due to their high ionic conductivity. This can resolve the drawbacks of solid oxide cells, such as thermochemical, physical, and thermal degradation caused by high operating temperatures. To effectively utilize PCCs as a next generation energy source, the development and optimization of PCC electrolyte materials and manufacturing process of electrochemical device are essential. This review summarizes the current progress, approaches, and challenges of PCCs and offers guidance on material design and manufacturing processes to overcome these difficulties.