Performance Analysis Of DSDV, AOMDV and ZRP Routing Protocols Application Simulation In Pekanbaru Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET)

Introduction 1. The 2018 data obtained from the Riau Province Revenue Agency indicated that the total number of 4-wheeled vehicles registered in the Pekanbaru city is 181,748. This high number of vehicles causes several traffic problems, such as increased number of accidents and congestion. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a communication technology capable of providing vehicle traffic information such as the Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET). Over the last few years, various wireless technological devices that provide communication between vehicles have been developed. VANET is one of such technologies developed with Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) for vehicles to communicate with each other (Pradana et al., 2017). This device enables each car to receive information related to traffic conditions and travel conditions, using nodes, which form an Ad hoc network called the Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) (Dimyati et al., 2016). The fundamental objective of this research on VANET is to develop a vehicle communication system that allows fast and efficient data exchange that is used as an intelligent traffic information system (Pradana et al., 2017). Although VANET is very helpful for traffic information systems, the construction of VANET systems infrastructure is not easy because it requires high cost in its development and testing. In order that research on VANET can be continued, VANET network modeling is carried out in the form of simulation (Nutrihadi, 2016). The advantage of doing the simulation beforehand is the flexibility to model and evaluate the design without building a physical network. The simulation results are expected to provide the foundations to allow the actual implementation of the technology in Indonesia, especially in Pekanbaru. VANET has a routing protocol that functions to determine the route according to its characteristics. According to Virgono and Yovita (2016) routing protocols are very influential on network performance and Buletin Pos dan Telekomunikasi Vol. 18 No.2 (2020): 127-144 128 are used to face challenges related to dynamic network topology. This study is conducted to simulate the maximum performance comparison of proactive, reactive and hybrid types of DSDV, AOMDV, and ZRP routing protocols. Data is collected through direct method by counting the number of vehicles passing several protocol roads. The obtained data are simulated on software with variations in the transmission distance range to improve the reliability of the routing path used and create a more extended connection between vehicles. The scenario is carried out in conditions of network changes and breakneck node speeds. The VANET network provides driving safety information, so a fast and efficient routing protocol is needed. VANET Network performance is measured by the Quality of Service (QoS) parameter, because QoS describes the measurement of the ability of a network to achieve maximum performance determined by parameters such as end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, routing overhead, throughput, collision rate, and packet loss obtained using the AWK script. The data obtained is compared in graphical form. The contribution of this research is to produce recommendations for a VANET network model in Pekanbaru City that implements DSDV, AOMDV, and ZRP as its routing protocols, using several parameters such as end to end delay, packet delivery ratio, and routing overhead, collision rate and packet loss. The research results are expected to be used as a reference in implementing the VANET network in Pekanbaru. Literature review 2. 2.1. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) Vehicular Ad hoc Network is the development of a wireless and Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET), which considers all vehicles in the system as nodes capable of communicating with other cars on specific scopes. Furthermore, the moving nodes on MANET and VANET depend on ad hoc routing protocols to determine the technique required to send messages from the source to the destination node (Arditya et al., 2017) The communication methods on VANETs are categorized into two types, namely those carried out between vehicles equipped with communication equipment known as Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and communication between vehicles and infrastructure placed at the curb called Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) as shown in Figure 1. Furthermore, the devices placed by the sides of the road to support communication between vehicles are called Roadside Units (RSU). Meanwhile, the two central systems that support the VANETs besides RSU are called On-Board Unit (OBU) and Application Unit (AU)(Dimyati et al., 2016). Figure 1. Types of communication on VANET (Rehman et al., 2013) Due to the unavailability of a static topology by VANET, data is relayed between the source and destination nodes. Therefore, a routing algorithm is required to determine the path needed to send data on a dynamic topology. This led to the development of several routing algorithms on VANET with various advantages. These routing protocols are categorized into five categories, namely position-based, topologybased, broadcast-based, cluster-based, and geocast-based routing protocols as shown in Figure 2. Performance Analysis of DSDV, AOMDV, and ZRP Routing Protocols Application Simulation ... (Ery Safrianti, Linna O. Sari, Fitriani Saputri) 129 Topology-based routing protocols use routing tables to store link information as a basis for packet forwarding from the source to the destination node. Based on network architecture, this protocol is categorized into three types, namely Proactive, Reactive, and Hybrid protocols (Pradana et al., 2017). Figure 2. Routing protocols on VANET (Pradana et al., 2017) a) Proactive Routing Protocol The advantage of a proactive routing protocol is that it does not require route discovery because the destination route has been previously saved. Example: FSR, OLSR, DSDV. b) Reactive Routing Protocol The advantage of the reactive routing protocol is that the route search is performed when communication is needed by the node. It consists of the Route Discovery phase, where the requested packet floods the network to determine the path. Example: AODV, DSR, JARR, TORA, AOMDV c) Hybrid Routing Protocol Hybrid Routing Protocol was introduced to reduce overhead control and the initial delay in the route discovery process in the proactive routing protocol. Example: ZRP, HARP, HAODV. DSDV DSDV is an ad hoc proactive routing protocol algorithm, which uses a distance vector routing method equipped with a sequence number. This method allows each node in the network to exchange routing tables through neighboring nodes (Febrian et al., 2018). AOMDV AOMDV is a reactive routing protocol that develops from the AODV uni-path routing protocol to minimize frequent connection failures and interrupted routes. Similar to other routing protocols, it also provides two primary services, namely route discovery and maintenance. AOMDV is vector based and uses a hop-by-hop approach. Furthermore, it only searches for needed routes using the route discovery procedure (Anisia et al., 2016). ZRP The ZRP concept on the network is the building zone of each node that allows for several zone construction. According to (Adiwicaksono, 2017), the nodes within a predetermined geographic area is also known as the radius. 2.2. Network Simulator NS-2 is a network simulation software with a simple script language developed using two programming languages , namely C ++ and TCL (Shiddi Qi et al., 2017). 2.3. Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) SUMO is one of the tools for mobility generators used for VANET simulations. It is an open-source microscopic traffic simulation package designed to handle networks with broad channels (Pradana et al., 2017). Buletin Pos dan Telekomunikasi Vol. 18 No.2 (2020): 127-144 130 2.4. Open Street Map (OSM) OpenStreetMap (OSM) is a web-based project used to create a free and open map of the world, built entirely by volunteers by conducting surveys using GPS devices, digitizing satellite imagery, and collecting and freeing geographical data that is publicly available. 2.5. AWK AWK is a programming language used to manipulate data and make reports. It can also be used in the command line and script by sequentially scanning the line standard input, file, or output processe(AM et al., 2019). 2.6. Network Performance Parameters Network performance is measured by the quality of service (QoS) parameter. It can show consistency, the success rate of sending data, etc. Several parameters can be used to measure network performance, namely, packet delivery ratio (PDR), end to end delay (E2E), overhead routing (RO), throughput, collision rate, and packet loss (AM et al., 2019) 1. Packet delivery ratio (PDR) Packet delivery ratio is the ratio between the number of packets received by the destination and the number of packets sent by the source. Packet Delivery Ratio is calculated with equation 1, where received is the number of data packets received and sent is the number of data packets sent. PDR = received sent x100% .................................................................................................................. (1) Packet Delivery Ratio may indicate the success of the package sent. The higher the Packet Delivery Ratio, the more successful the package delivery is (Ovari, 2017). ITU-T G.114 recommends that the value for the quality of service (QoS) in the packet delivery ratio (PDR) is 100% in VANET (vehicular ad hoc network) communications with this value, the routing protocol can work properly. 2. End to End Delay (E2E) E2E is calculated from the average delay between the time the packet was received and when it was sent as shown in equation (2), where treceived [i] is the time of receiving the packet with the order / id ith, tsent [i] is the time when the packet is sent with the order / id-i, and sent is the number of data packets sent. E2E = ∑ treceived sent i=0 −tsent[i] sent ......