Ecological and economic aspects of certain agricultural crops cultivation on sod-podzolic soil of Western Polissya of Ukraine

The influence of cultures in short-rotation crop rotation of Western Polissia on the ecological component of sod-podzolic cohesive-sandy soil by the analyzing the balances of nutrients and humus is shown and an economic assessment of their cultivation is given. The most accessibly and fairly objective a complex assessment of certain crops impact on the ecological state of the soil can be carried out by their contribution to the formation of balances of humus and nutrients. In article used the results of researches obtained in a field stationary experiment with winter wheat, maize for grand, spring barley and winter rape for 2012–2020 years. To assess the impact of cultures on the balances formation was chosen variant with the recommended rate of mineral fertilizers on the background of 1.0 Ha (hydrolytic acidity) dose of CaMg(CO3)2 (dolomite flour). It has studied that the supply of nutrients with plant biomass is a powerful source of their recycling. In particular, the highest content of nitrogen (3.56 and 2.75%) and phosphorus (0.95–0.99%) was obtained in rapeseed and winter wheat, while by-products showed the accumulation of potassium (1.52 and 1.39%) respectively. Taking into account the obtained results, the influence of growing crops on the formation of nutrient and humus balances was determined. It was established that by liming and fertilization with the return to the soil of by-products biomass of the studied crops was formed a positive balance of nitrogen in the range of 29.6–43.4 kg/ha, phosphorus 23.0–54.9 kg/ha, potassium 71.6–99.8 kg/ha. Only with the application of N120 under maize for grain was obtained nitrogen deficiency of –47.5 kg/ha. Due to crop residues and by-products of the studied crops, a positive balance of humus was determined: winter wheat 0.73 t/ha, corn for grain 2.17, spring barley 0.40 and winter rape 0.11 t/ha. The economic component of the technology of studied crops growing showed that the largest net profit was achieved for marginal crops: maize for grain (19.8 thousand UAH/ha) and winter oilseed rape (14.4 thousand UAH/ha). Due to the restrictive effect of other factors, primarily moisture supply, the system of fertilizing winter wheat and spring barley did not create conditions for the realization of the planned yield, which led to low profitability of their production.