动物王国呼吸系统的比较生理学

O. Carvalho, C. Gonçalves
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引用次数: 12

摘要

动物生活的不稳定环境和代谢状态的变化决定了气体交换系统必须能够在从休息到运动甚至缺氧的一系列条件下有效运作。为了在水中呼吸而进化的原始呼吸器官是鳃,外翻的气体交换器,而为了在陆地上呼吸而进化的是肺,外翻的气体交换器。动物进化出能够从水和空气中提取氧气的特殊器官,被认为是一种过渡性呼吸(或双峰呼吸)。从两栖动物到哺乳动物,可以证实它们的呼吸单位的尺寸越来越小,单位肺容量的数量也在增加。脊椎动物呼吸系统的进化在鸟类中达到了最有效的状态,它们具有恒定容量的支气管旁肺和高度柔顺的气囊,具有低压通气,使它们能够持续拍打飞行。相比之下,哺乳动物的支气管肺泡肺具有强制性的高压通气和巨大的容积变化,使得它们能够发展出适应性,例如,为高速奔跑的捕食者提供高度移动的躯干,或者在深海中生活。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Comparative Physiology of the Respiratory System in the Animal Kingdom
The inconstant environment in which animals lives and the variation of their metabolic states determined the gas exchangers system that must be able to operate efficiently across a spectrum of conditions that range from resting to exercise and even under hypoxia. The primordial respiratory organs that evolved for water breathing were the gills, evaginated gas exchangers, whereas for terrestrial air breathing developed a invaginated gas exchangers, the lungs. Specialized organs evolved for animals that can extract oxygen from water and air, consider as a transitional breathing (or bimodal). From amphibians to mammals, it is possible to verify that the dimensions of their respiratory units are being increasingly smaller and the number per unit of lung volume increases. The evolution of the vertebrate respiratory system achieved its most efficient state in birds, with their constant volume parabronchial lungs and their highly compliant air sacs with low pressure ventilation that, enabling them to sustained flapping flight. In contrast, the mammalian bronchoalveolar lungs, with their mandatory high-pressure ventilation and great volume changes, allowed the development of adaptations that favour, for example, a highly mobile trunk for high velocity running predators or to live in a deep-sea.
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