Tomas Balkelis, Nation-Building, Revolution, and the Advance of the Red Army into Lithuania, 1918-1919

This article explores the initial conjunction and subsequent disentanglement of social and nationalist revolutions in Lithuania by focusing on the impact that war and various mobilizations had on the local population in 1918–19. Despite the explosion of social and nationalist unrest all over the country in late 1918, in a matter of several months the Bolsheviks lost their case. The key reasons for their failure were their military defeat by German, Lithuanian, and Polish troops, but also economic mismanagement, the refusal to distribute land to peasants, and an inability to present their revolution as “native.” Following the Leninist doctrine of “proletarian revolution” that relegated peasantry to a secondary position, the Bolsheviks failed to forge an alliance with the largest population group of Lithuanian society, which resulted in their downfall.