Entropy generation on Darcy–Forchheimer flow of Copper-Aluminium oxide/Water hybrid nanofluid over a rotating disk: Semi-analytical and numerical approaches

The proficiency of hybrid nanoparticles in increasing heat transfer has impressed many researchers to further analyze the working of those fluids. In the current study, the impact of entropy generation on electromagnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) hybrid nanofluid (copper-aluminium oxide) flow over a rotating disk in the presence of the porous medium, Darcy ‐ Forchheimer, heat generation, viscous dissipation, and thermal radiation. By applying the self-similarity variables, the partial differential equations are converted into ordinary differential equations. After that, the dimensionless equations are numerically solved by using the Runge-Kutta technique, and also the comparison is done between the numerical technique (R-K method) and the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) where HPM yields a more effective and dependable conclusion. To highlight their physical significance, unique characteristic graphs are shown for the profiles of velocity, temperature, entropy generation, and bejan number along with a suitable explanation. The hybrid nanofluid velocity decreases with larger values of the magnetic parameter, but the velocity profile increases with the higher electric field. The findings are novel and innovative, with several modern industrial applications and the results are in excellent concurrence with the relevant literature. Applications of the current research are refrigeration, electronics, heat exchangers, and lubricants.