“伟大的地理发现”:从新大陆文明的相互作用经验看这一术语的意义和历史内容

Yakov Shemyakin
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引用次数: 0

摘要

人类在大发现时代之初面临的主要问题可以解释如下:“世界是如何形成的?”随后的地理大发现显示了地球表面的真实尺寸和结构,以及“人类世界”的真正多样性范围。而关于世界形状的新知识,反过来又引起了以下的困境:我们能推测出这个世界的任何统一性吗,尽管人类文化有如此巨大的多样性,或者这种统一性只不过是一种幻觉?寻找这个问题的答案构成了人类精神生活的轴心之一,从后来的几个世纪一直到今天。寻找上述问题答案的关键时刻是美洲的发现。两个世界的相遇给双方带来了最严重的意识危机。在随后克服危机的努力过程中,他们发现了自己遗产的新方面和未来生活的新前景。两种截然不同甚至对立的智人进化方式形成了。一方面是全球化,另一方面是越来越强调人类社会在不同层次上的异质性,区域文明在这方面最为突出。这些进程的碰撞、交织和相互影响,预先决定了过去五个世纪人类历史的主要趋势。在拉丁美洲,形成了一种不同于西方和东方经典模式的特殊的边疆文明类型。它更明显地体现了对话的原则,根据巴赫金的说法,这是一般智人进化的一个显著特征。这种类型的文明在人类世界目前的进化阶段中具有特别重要的意义,在二十一世纪的门槛上,人类世界进入了一个新的阶段,一个不确定和不稳定的阶段,即前沿阶段。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
«Great geographical discoveries»: the meaning and historical content of the term in the light of the interaction experience of civilizations in the New World
The main question that Humankind was confronted with at the beginning of the Age of Great Discoveries can be spelled out as follows: «Just how is the world shaped?» The subsequent Great Geographical Discoveries showed the true dimension and structure of the surface of the Planet, as well as the real range of diversity of the «World of Humans». And the new knowledge of the shape of the world, in turn, gave rise to the following dilemma: can we surmise any unity of this world, all the great diversity of human cultures notwithstanding, or is such a unity nothing but an illusion? The search for an answer to this question constituted one of the axes of the spiritual life of Humankind in subsequent centuries up to the present day. The crucial point in the search for an answer to the above said question was the Discovery of America. The Meeting of two Worlds brought about the most acute crisis of consciousness on both sides. In the course of ensuing attempts at overcoming the crisis, they discovered new dimensions of their own heritage and new prospects for future life. Two alternative ways of evolution of homo sapiens, essentially different and even opposed, took shape. On the one hand, it was globalization, and on the other hand, it was increased emphasis on the heterogeneity of specific human communities at different levels, being the regional civilizations the most conspicuous ones in this respect. The collision, interweaving and mutual influence of those processes predetermined the main trends of human history over the past five centuries. In Latin America, a special frontier civilizational type has developed, as different from the classical both Western and Oriental models. It embodies more patently the principle of dialogue, which is, according to M. Bakhtin, a distinctive feature of the evolution of homo sapiens in general. This type of civilisation acquires particular importance at the present stage of evolution of the human world, which, on the threshold of the XXI century has entered its new stage, that of uncertainty and instability, the frontier stage.
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