以决策为中心的环境规划观

A. Faludi
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引用次数: 263

摘要

本文试图超越“实体主义”与“程序主义”的争论,提出一种环境规划理论,将对程序的理解与对环境特征的理解相结合,从而满足规划的需要。它注意到来自不同知识传统的作者对环境和环境规划的看法中的共同因素:(a)他们都认为环境是由制度决定的,法律障碍是其中的一个重要因素;(b) 他们将环境视为私人和公共决策的对象;(c) 他们认为环境是冲突的对象。在此基础上,文章将土地决策单位确定为公共和私人环境决策的焦点。它们的特点是:(a)上面的资源,(b)将它们与其他单位连接起来的渠道,(c)提供防止入侵屏障的土地制度,(d)确定相关主要决策者的土地所有权。由于外部性而采取的公共环境措施可以旨在改变这些属性中的每一个。土地决策单位像无缝服装一样覆盖管辖权,他们身上发生的事情之间有很多互动。与私人行为者的措施一样,公共环境措施可以相互促进或阻碍。在这种情况下,文章谈到了二阶外部性。环境规划是指制定考虑到这种外部性的环境计划,以便在充分了解其所有影响的情况下采取公共环境措施。环境规划理论必须将对规划决策要素的认识与对环境措施性质所产生的二阶外部性的理解结合起来,因为环境措施是针对时空范围内具有明确位置的土地决策单位的。荷兰城市化政策的案例研究说明了二阶外部性的概念。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
A decision-centred view of environmental planning

This article attempts to transcend the “substantivist” versus “proceduralist” controversy by proposing a theory of environmental planning combining understanding of procedures with understanding of features of the environment that make for a need for planning. It notes common elements in the views of the environment and environmental planning held by authors from divergent intellectual traditions: (a) they all conceive of the environment as, amongst other things, institutionally determined in the sense of legal barriers forming an important element of it; (b) they see the environment as the object of both private and public decision-making; (c) they see the environment as forming the object of conflict. On this basis, the article identifies land decision units as the foci of public and private decision-making concerning the environment. They are characterised by (a) the resources on them, (b) the channels linking them to other units, (c) the land regime providing barriers against intrusion, (d) land titles identifying the primary decision makers concerned. Public environmental measures taken because of externalities can aim at changing each of these attributes. Land decision units cover jurisdiction like seamless garments, and there is much interaction between what happens on them. Much as with measures of private actors, public environmental measures can mutually enhance each other or get in each other's way. Where this occurs, the article speaks of externalities of the second order. Environmental planning stands for the preparation of environmental plans taking care of such externalities, so that public environmental measures are taken with full knowledge of all their implications. A theory of environmental planning must combine awareness of the element of decision-making in planning with an understanding of the externalities of the second order arising out of the nature of environmental measures as being addressed to land decision units with definite locations in a spatial-temporal expanse. A case study of Dutch urbanisation policy illustrates the notion of externalities of the second order.

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