Alternatives to air-conditioning: policies, design, technologies, behaviours

flow (AFN) and stock. Key indoor temperatures, heating demand, of CO 2 , NO 2 and PM 2.5 , and terrain, orientation pollutants). The identifies the range of retrofit and passive cooling measures. these measures, future level some occur, and filtration likely adaptive comfort limits, ideal quantities of thermal mass and embodied carbon. This paper argues that the internal thermal mass of a building coupled with buoyancy ventilation can significantly reduce the need for active AC and in turn mitigate climate change. The results of the paper conclude that thermal mass would provide comfort considering adaptive thermal comfort theory against heatwaves in Canada without mechanical cooling. It also quantified per person quantities of thermal mass required. The paper discusses the life-cycle carbon emissions associated with building materials that will provide thermal mass. Thermal mass for passive cooling can play a significant role within the design of hybrid cooling approaches and can contribute to a reduction of the operating hours of active systems.