科学,第一部分:科学的基本概念与科学方法

IF 0.6 4区 管理学 Q3 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE
Birger Hjørland
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引用次数: 0

摘要

本文是关于“科学”概念三部曲中的第一篇。第一节考察了“科学”一词含义的历史发展,并说明了它与“知识边缘”和“哲学”这两个词的密切关系。第二节介绍了科学基本概念的四个历史阶段:(1)科学代表了基于演绎证明的绝对确定的知识;(2)以“科学方法”为基础的知识边缘的绝对确定性;(3)科学代表着基于“科学方法”的可错知识边缘;(4)不相信“科学方法”的科学,因此关于科学本质的问题就变得引人注目。第三节介绍了对科学方法的四种基本理解:理性主义,以先验思维为主;经验主义,以中立的方式优先收集、描述和处理数据;以“范式”解释数据为主的历史主义和强调分析知识边缘的目的、后果和利益的实用主义。三部曲中的第二篇文章侧重于研究科学的不同领域,而最后一篇文章则预设了科学概念的进一步发展和总体结论。总的来说,三部曲阐明了不同科学概念中最重要的紧张关系,论证了信息科学和知识边缘组织在科学研究中的作用,并建议如何将“科学”理解为这些领域的研究对象。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Science, Part I: Basic Conceptions of Science and the Scientific Method
This article is the first in a trilogy about the concept “science”. Section 1 considers the historical development of the meaning of the term science and shows its close relation to the terms “knowl­edge” and “philosophy”. Section 2 presents four historic phases in the basic conceptualizations of science (1) science as representing absolute certain of knowl­edge based on deductive proof; (2) science as representing absolute certain of knowl­edge based on “the scientific method”; (3) science as representing fallible knowl­edge based on “the scientific method”; (4) science without a belief in “the scientific method” as constitutive, hence the question about the nature of science becomes dramatic. Section 3 presents four basic understandings of the scientific method: Rationalism, which gives priority to a priori thinking; empiricism, which gives priority to the collection, description, and processing of data in a neutral way; historicism, which gives priority to the interpretation of data in the light of “paradigm” and pragmatism, which emphasizes the analysis of the purposes, consequences, and the interests of knowl­edge. The second article in the trilogy focus on different fields studying science, while the final article presets further developments in the concept of science and the general conclusion. Overall, the trilogy illuminates the most important tensions in different conceptualizations of science and argues for the role of information science and knowl­edge organization in the study of science and suggests how “science” should be understood as an object of research in these fields.
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来源期刊
Knowledge Organization
Knowledge Organization INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE-
CiteScore
1.40
自引率
28.60%
发文量
7
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