Application of Flat Electromembrane and Low-Density Solvent Extractions for the Assessment of Polar and Non-Polar Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines in Heated Red Meats

Background and Objectives: Heating, cooking and grilling of meat products form polar and non-polar heterocyclic aromatic amines as toxic compounds. The current study was carried out for the first time to assess polar and non-polar heterocyclic aromatic amines in grilled meats using two novel flat electromembrane and low-solvent microextraction and to compare these two techniques. Materials & Methods: In this study, two efficient methods of low-density solvent and flat electromembrane extractions were used for the sample preparation. Affecting factors in extraction of heterocyclic aromatic amines were separately optimized. Moreover, merit figures of the two methods were calculated and compared with each other. Results: Value of each effecting factor in extraction were calculated for the two methods. Validation methods were carried out and results revealed high capability and validation of the two methods for the analysis of real samples. Recovery rates of higher than 90% for the two methods, detection limits of 0.2–1.7 and relative standard deviation of 3.5–8% verified use of the highlighted methods for real samples. Levels of heterocyclic aromatic amines were reported as not determined to 8 ng g -1 . Conclusion: Results of this study showed that the two microextraction methods included high sensitivity, accuracy and recovery to assess heterocyclic aromatic amines in meat products. Furthermore, volumes of the extraction solvents in the two techniques were small that were advantages of the suggested methods (green chemistry). In conclusion, the suggested methods include capabilities to assess heterocyclic aromatic amines in various heated red meat products.