山区收入不平等:以坦桑尼亚乌卢古鲁山区农林农业系统为例

R. Kadigi
{"title":"山区收入不平等:以坦桑尼亚乌卢古鲁山区农林农业系统为例","authors":"R. Kadigi","doi":"10.4236/ojf.2021.113017","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Land degradation due to use of unsustainable \nagricultural practices has affected many communities in rural mountain areas \nrendering them to be more vulnerable to income poverty and inequality. In this \ncase, agroforestry systems promise to offer great solutions as they can be \ndeveloped in unfavourable conditions where other production systems would \neither rapidly degrade the land or otherwise would not be possible. However, little \nis known whether agroforestry can address issues of income inequality in mountain \nareas. Hence, we conducted a study to investigate the nature and determinants \nof income inequality in Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania. Specifically, we used the \ncross-sectional research design and we calculated the income percentile shares, \nGini coefficients and the coefficient of variation (CV), to pinpoint the nature \nof income inequality in the study area. The determinants of income inequality \nwere analysed using the step by step multiple linear model. The results of \nanalysis suggested prevalence of income inequality. Crop production was the \nmain source of income in the agroforestry systems of the study area. Earnings from crops and timber were \ndecreasing income-inequality amongst smallholder farmers. Our disaggregated analysis \nshowed that off-farm income was also decreasing income-inequality for \nfarmers with farmlands located close to homestead, for female-headed \nhouseholds, for farmers who did not access extension services, and those who \nwere members of community-based financial institutions. \nEstimated incomes increased with household assets, size of farmland, and age of household \nhead. However, the same decreased with household size. We found gender \ndisparity to be one of the key issues that need attention in formulating future \npolicies to reduce inequality. We recommend promotion of livelihood \ndiversification as well as the designing and implementation of tailor-made \ntraining and farm financing mechanism to help the less resource-endowed farmers \nin mountain areas to raise their economic portfolios and social status and \ncombat income poverty and inequality.","PeriodicalId":63552,"journal":{"name":"林学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"3","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Income Inequality in Mountain Areas: The Case of Agroforestry Farming Systems in Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania\",\"authors\":\"R. Kadigi\",\"doi\":\"10.4236/ojf.2021.113017\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"Land degradation due to use of unsustainable \\nagricultural practices has affected many communities in rural mountain areas \\nrendering them to be more vulnerable to income poverty and inequality. In this \\ncase, agroforestry systems promise to offer great solutions as they can be \\ndeveloped in unfavourable conditions where other production systems would \\neither rapidly degrade the land or otherwise would not be possible. However, little \\nis known whether agroforestry can address issues of income inequality in mountain \\nareas. Hence, we conducted a study to investigate the nature and determinants \\nof income inequality in Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania. Specifically, we used the \\ncross-sectional research design and we calculated the income percentile shares, \\nGini coefficients and the coefficient of variation (CV), to pinpoint the nature \\nof income inequality in the study area. The determinants of income inequality \\nwere analysed using the step by step multiple linear model. The results of \\nanalysis suggested prevalence of income inequality. Crop production was the \\nmain source of income in the agroforestry systems of the study area. Earnings from crops and timber were \\ndecreasing income-inequality amongst smallholder farmers. Our disaggregated analysis \\nshowed that off-farm income was also decreasing income-inequality for \\nfarmers with farmlands located close to homestead, for female-headed \\nhouseholds, for farmers who did not access extension services, and those who \\nwere members of community-based financial institutions. \\nEstimated incomes increased with household assets, size of farmland, and age of household \\nhead. However, the same decreased with household size. We found gender \\ndisparity to be one of the key issues that need attention in formulating future \\npolicies to reduce inequality. We recommend promotion of livelihood \\ndiversification as well as the designing and implementation of tailor-made \\ntraining and farm financing mechanism to help the less resource-endowed farmers \\nin mountain areas to raise their economic portfolios and social status and \\ncombat income poverty and inequality.\",\"PeriodicalId\":63552,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"林学期刊(英文)\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2021-06-07\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"3\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"林学期刊(英文)\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1087\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2021.113017\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"\",\"JCRName\":\"\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"林学期刊(英文)","FirstCategoryId":"1087","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2021.113017","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3

摘要

由于使用不可持续的农业做法而导致的土地退化影响到农村山区的许多社区,使他们更容易受到收入贫困和不平等的影响。在这种情况下,农林复合系统有望提供很好的解决办法,因为它们可以在不利的条件下发展,而其他生产系统要么会迅速使土地退化,要么就不可能实现。然而,农林业能否解决山区收入不平等的问题却鲜为人知。因此,我们进行了一项研究,以调查坦桑尼亚乌卢古鲁山脉收入不平等的性质和决定因素。具体而言,我们采用了横断面研究设计,并计算了收入百分位数份额、基尼系数和变异系数(CV),以确定研究地区收入不平等的性质。采用逐步多元线性模型分析了收入不平等的决定因素。分析结果表明,收入不平等现象普遍存在。作物生产是研究区农林复合系统的主要收入来源。来自农作物和木材的收入正在减少小农之间的收入不平等。我们的分类分析表明,非农收入也减少了农田靠近宅基地的农民、女性户主家庭、无法获得推广服务的农民以及社区金融机构成员的收入不平等。估计收入随着家庭资产、农田面积和户主年龄的增加而增加。然而,随着家庭规模的增加,这一比例有所下降。我们发现性别差异是制定未来减少不平等政策时需要注意的关键问题之一。我们建议促进生计多样化,设计和实施有针对性的培训和农场融资机制,帮助资源贫乏的山区农民提高经济组合和社会地位,消除收入贫困和不平等现象。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Income Inequality in Mountain Areas: The Case of Agroforestry Farming Systems in Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania
Land degradation due to use of unsustainable agricultural practices has affected many communities in rural mountain areas rendering them to be more vulnerable to income poverty and inequality. In this case, agroforestry systems promise to offer great solutions as they can be developed in unfavourable conditions where other production systems would either rapidly degrade the land or otherwise would not be possible. However, little is known whether agroforestry can address issues of income inequality in mountain areas. Hence, we conducted a study to investigate the nature and determinants of income inequality in Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania. Specifically, we used the cross-sectional research design and we calculated the income percentile shares, Gini coefficients and the coefficient of variation (CV), to pinpoint the nature of income inequality in the study area. The determinants of income inequality were analysed using the step by step multiple linear model. The results of analysis suggested prevalence of income inequality. Crop production was the main source of income in the agroforestry systems of the study area. Earnings from crops and timber were decreasing income-inequality amongst smallholder farmers. Our disaggregated analysis showed that off-farm income was also decreasing income-inequality for farmers with farmlands located close to homestead, for female-headed households, for farmers who did not access extension services, and those who were members of community-based financial institutions. Estimated incomes increased with household assets, size of farmland, and age of household head. However, the same decreased with household size. We found gender disparity to be one of the key issues that need attention in formulating future policies to reduce inequality. We recommend promotion of livelihood diversification as well as the designing and implementation of tailor-made training and farm financing mechanism to help the less resource-endowed farmers in mountain areas to raise their economic portfolios and social status and combat income poverty and inequality.
求助全文
通过发布文献求助,成功后即可免费获取论文全文。 去求助
来源期刊
自引率
0.00%
发文量
303
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
copy
已复制链接
快去分享给好友吧!
我知道了
右上角分享
点击右上角分享
0
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术官方微信