越南战争期间在湄公河三角洲喷洒蓝色剂:用于破坏水稻作物和红树林的砷基除草剂武器的命运

Kenneth Ray Olson, L. Cihacek
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引用次数: 4

摘要

“蓝剂”是由羧酸(ch3)和羧酸钠(c2h6 asna2)混合而成的,是一种基于砷的战术除草剂,在越南战争期间用于破坏禾草和水稻作物。天然和合成来源的砷可降解为水溶性形式并在地下水中持续存在,并可能导致饮用水中砷含量升高。美国国防部(DOD)和美国农业部(USDA)“牧场之手”行动的战术除草剂记录,包括在越南战争期间(1961-1971)在越南南部喷洒的“蓝剂”,非常详细,相当完整,并且可以公开获得。在美国陆军、美国海军和中央情报局(CIA)在湄公河三角洲支持的开光计划(Khai Quang program)期间,越南共和国(RV)喷洒的战术除草剂并非如此。在美越战争正式开始前,RV军队喷洒了三年的蓝色特工。很少,如果有的话,RV军队,美国陆军,美国海军和中央情报局从1962年到1965年的喷雾记录存在。越南战争老兵、历史学家和学者报告说,在美国陆军、美国海军和中央情报局的支持下,越南军队在湄公河三角洲和中央高地的稻田和红树林上喷洒了320万升(468008千克)的蓝色剂。医学研究所估计,从1961年到1971年,喷洒了320万升(468,000)杀虫剂(超过4,712,000升(664,392千克砷)。RV军事和美国军事(陆军和海军)喷雾设备包括手持式和双肩式喷雾器,安装在棕色水海军船只上的喷雾器,陆军履带式车辆和陆军陆基直升机以及基于蓝水海军舰艇甲板的直升机。这些喷雾任务中的一些是军事机密,喷雾记录是保密的,或者即使保存也不保存。含有羧酸的蓝剂半衰期短,可降解为水溶性砷,释放到地表水和/或浸出到地下水中。一旦水溶性砷渗入越南湄公河三角洲的地下水,富含砷的水就会被数以万计的管井抽回地面,供城市和农业使用。本研究的主要目的是探索越南战争期间的条件:1)在美国海军、中央情报局和美国陆军的支持下,RV军用除草剂喷洒计划,以及2)美国空军在牧场工人行动期间的喷洒计划,可能对今天在湄公河三角洲发现的自然和人为As峰值有重大贡献。研究了蓝色剂对美国制造基地梅诺米尼河的环境影响,以确定可能的As补救和缓解战略。美国威斯康辛州和密歇根州生产基地的经验教训可以借鉴并应用于湄公河三角洲,以帮助缓解和修复湄公河三角洲富含砷的地表水、土壤、沉积物和地下水。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Agent Blue Spraying in the Mekong Delta during the Vietnam War: Fate of the Arsenic Based Herbicide Weapon Used to Destroy Rice Crop and Mangrove Forests
Agent Blue, a mixture of cacodylic acid (CH 3 ) As O 2 H) and sodium cacodylate (C 2 H 6 AsNaO 2 ), was a tactical arsenic-based herbicide used during the Vietnam War to destroy grasses and rice crops. Natural and synthetic sources of arsenic can degrade into water-soluble forms and persist in groundwater and potentially contribute to elevating As levels in drinking water. The United States Department of Defense (DOD) and United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) Operation Ranch Hand records for tactical herbicides including Agent Blue sprayed in southern Vietnam during the Vietnam War (1961-1971) are very detailed, rather complete and publicly available. The same is not true for tactical herbicides sprayed by the Republic of Vietnam (RV) during the Khai Quang program which was supported by the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in the Mekong Delta. Agent Blue was sprayed by the RV military for three years before the official start of the American-Vietnam War. Few, if any, RV military, US Army, US Navy and CIA spray records exist from 1962 to 1965. Vietnam War veterans, historians and scholars have reported the spraying of 3.2 million liters (468,008 kg As) of Agent Blue on rice paddies and mangrove forests in the Mekong Delta and Central Highlands by the RV military with the support of the US Army, US Navy and CIA. The Institute of Medicine estimated that 3.2 million liters (468,000 bicides sprayed (over 4,712,000 liters (664,392 kg As) from 1961-1971. The RV military and US military (Army and Navy) spray equipment included hand and backpack sprayers, sprayers mounted on Brown Water Navy boats, on Army track vehicles and Army land-based helicopters and helicopters based on the decks of Blue Water Navy ships. Some of these spray missions were a military secret and spray records were classified or if kept were not maintained. Agent Blue containing cacodylic acid had a short half-life and degraded to water-soluble arsenic, which was released into the surface water and/or leached into the groundwater. Once the water-soluble arsenic leached into the Vietnam Mekong Delta groundwater, the arsenic-rich water was pumped back to the surface by tens of thousands of tube wells for urban and agricultural use. The primary objectives of this research are to explore the conditions during the Vietnam War under which 1) the RV military herbicide spray program with the support of the US Navy, CIA and US Army, and 2) the US Air Force spray program during Operation Ranch Hand may have significantly contributed to the natural and anthropic As spikes found in the Mekong Delta today. The environmental impacts of Agent Blue, on the Menominee River at manufacturing sites in the United States, were studied to identify possible As remediation and mitigation strategies. The lessons previously learned at the manufacturing sites in Wisconsin and Michigan, United States can be considered and applied to the Mekong Delta to help mitigate and remediate the arsenic-rich surface water, soil, sediment and groundwater found in the Mekong Delta.
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