Intubated, Awake, and Paralysed: A Never Event

In this paper, we argue that paralysis-only intubation is almost never acceptable practice. We look at the evidence suggesting that this practice remains commonplace worldwide, its frequency has been exacerbated further by anaesthetic drug shortages secondary to the COVID-19 pandemic. We make a strong case that intubating a patient without sedation has such profound psychological and physiological risks that the practice is unethical and should be banned from medical practice with the exception of two clinical settings. These exceptions include (a) newborn intubation immediately after birth if there is immediate risk to life and (b) awake fibreoptic intubation whereby the patient has consented in advance, co-operative, and the