Masculinity Ideology among Male Workers and Its Relationship to Self-Reported Health Behaviors

This study examines the association between masculinity ideology and health-promoting behaviors (HPB) among male workers. In total, 669 participants completed the Male Role Norms Inventory and the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II, which measures six HPBs (nutrition, physical activity, stress management, interpersonal relations, health responsibility, and spiritual growth). Results show that masculinity ideology was associated with HPBs, controlling for socioeconomic characteristics. Men who consider themselves poor and have low education endorsed masculinity norms more strongly and adopted fewer HPBs. Restrictive Emotionality was negatively associated with all HPBs, while Negativity Toward Sexual Minorities was negatively associated with physical activity and interpersonal relations. Avoidance of Femininity and Toughness were positively associated with physical activity. This study suggests that men’s endorsement of masculinity norms should be considered in health promotion programs.