Standardy niezależności sądów i niezawisłości sędziowskiej – wybrane zagadnienia na przykładzie orzecznictwa sądów europejskich

The aim of this article is to decode the European standards of the right to a court, as found in the jurisprudence of the CJEU and the ECHR in the context of the guarantees of judicial independence and judicial impartiality. The above analysis points out that these standards are constantly contextualised and updated due to changes in the normative environment in particular Member States and in the European Union. However, this does not mean that the essence of the values in question cannot be conceptualised and protected in the practice of both European and national courts, as this very study shows. The guarantees of judicial independence and the related impartiality in genere are of universal nature within the set of principles and values that determine the standards of a democratic state of law.