The complexities of Mesoarchean to late Paleoproterozoic magmatism and metamorphism in the Qixia area, eastern North China Craton: Geology, geochemistry and SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dating

Qixia is a typical area of early Precambrian basement in eastern Shandong Province, eastern North China Craton. Many TTG (tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite) assemblages were once considered to be supracrustal rocks (the Jiaodong Group), and the formation ages of the rocks have only been determined in a few outcrops as shown on the early geological map of the area. We carried out geological mapping, geochemical study and SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dating in order to determine the temporal and spatial distribution and origins of the TTG rocks. In the newly compiled geological map (1:50,000), the main rock types of the Archean basement are ∼2.9 Ga, ∼2.7 Ga and ∼2.5 Ga tonalitic gneisses with local occurrences of trondhjemitic gneisses, granodioritic gneisses, (quartz) dioritic gneisses and meta-gabbro showing the same age range. Supracrustal rocks with ages of ∼2.9 Ga and ∼2.5 Ga are locally identified. All rocks broadly extend in a NW-SE direction as a result of strong tectonothermal events of the late Neoarchean and late Paleoproterozoic. Although the late Paleoproterozoic tectonothermal event strongly influenced all 2.7 to 2.9 Ga rocks in the area, metamorphic zircon ages are not widely recorded in these rocks because the high-grade metamorphism at ca. 2.5 Ga caused the older 2.7 to 2.9 Ga rocks to become relatively dry systems. The three generations of TTG rocks are similar in major element composition, characterized by high Na2O and low K2O, except for the late Neoarchean granodioritic gneisses, which locally occur and are relatively high in K2O. All the TTG rocks of different ages commonly have zircon O isotopic compositions within the range determined by Valley and others (2005) for Archean magmatic zircon. The ∼2.9 Ga TTG rocks show large Sr/Y and La/Yb variations and depletion in whole-rock Nd and zircon Hf isotopic compositions. The ∼2.7 Ga TTG rocks are similar in Nd-Hf isotopic compositions to the ∼2.9 Ga TTG rocks but have low Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios. The ∼2.5 Ga TTG rocks are similar in trace element composition to the ∼2.9 Ga TTG rocks, showing large variations in Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios. They can be further subdivided into two types in terms of Nd-Hf isotopic compositions with the depleted type mainly including tonalitic gneisses [εNd(t) = +1.86 to +4.59, εHf(t) = +1.0 to +8.7] and the enriched type including trondhjemitic and granodioritic gneisses [εNd(t) = −2.38 to −0.06, εHf(t) = −1.6 to −2.9]. It is concluded that the ∼2.9 Ga TTG rocks were formed in an oceanic environment (oceanic plateau or intra-ocean subduction), and the 2.7 Ga TTG rocks were formed by mantle underplating that resulted in partial melting of lower crustal mafic rocks under relatively low pressure conditions. More ancient continental materials played a role in the ∼2.5 Ga magmatic process, but more work is required to determine the tectonic environment (underplating or arc magmatism).