仇恨言论的法律规制:国际和欧洲框架

IF 0.1 Q4 POLITICAL SCIENCE
Natalie Alkiviadou
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引用次数: 6

摘要

仇恨言论是对民主社会正常运转的威胁,也是对尊重和团结等核心价值观的诅咒。它在人际关系、社区和社会层面上伤害我们,是基于种族、民族、性别、残疾、性取向、宗教或任何其他被禁止的标准故意攻击个人或团体的言论。“在民粹主义和极右翼极端主义不断抬头的世界里,仇恨言论作为这种现象的副产品需要认真解决。”在国际和欧洲层面,为此目的开发的工具是直接禁止某些类型言论的机制。与此同时,国际和欧洲的文件规定,如果言论侵犯了他人的权利,则限制言论自由。本文将讨论的文件还包括不破坏条款,这是欧洲人权法院主要用来将否定主义和修正主义言论从《公约》保护中驱逐出去的途径。本文将评估在国际(联合国)和欧洲(欧盟和欧洲理事会)层面上存在的有关规定,以解决仇恨言论。作为第一步,该文件将详细阐述仇恨言论的定义和背景领域,并将继续研究联合国。特别地,它将分析《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》(《消除种族歧视公约》)第4条,该条除其他外禁止传播种族优越的思想。然后,委员会将评估《公民权利和政治权利国际盟约》(《公民权利和政治权利国际盟约》)第20(2)条关于禁止鼓吹构成煽动歧视、敌意或暴力的宗教、民族、种族或宗教仇恨的规定。除了上述条款的内容以及消除种族歧视委员会(CERD)和人权事务委员会(HRC)的相关判例外,该文件还将审议一般性建议和结论性意见等其他文件。根据联合国的框架,本文将研究《关于通过刑法打击某些形式和表现的种族主义和仇外心理的框架决定》,这是欧盟层面唯一现有的解决仇恨言论的法律工具。正如其标题所反映的那样,它仅限于种族主义和仇外言论。随后,本文将考虑欧洲委员会的《关于通过计算机系统实施的种族主义和仇外行为的刑事定罪的网络犯罪公约附加议定书》,作为这一层面上直接解决仇恨言论的唯一工具,尽管只是出现在网上。本文将以欧洲人权法院(ECtHR)的关键判例法作为结束,该判例法阐明了法院在解释《欧洲人权公约》(ECHR)第10条的限制时的立场,这种言论被视为仇恨言论。上述分析的关键前提之一是,所有相关的仇恨言论立法都存在内在缺陷,因为我所说的仇恨等级是由于禁止某些类型的仇恨言论而导致的,例如种族主义言论,而不是其他类型的仇恨言论,例如恐同言论。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
The Legal Regulation of Hate Speech: The International and European Frameworks
Hate speech is a threat to the proper functioning of a democratic society and a damning force to central values such as respect and solidarity. It harms us on an interpersonal, community and societal level and ‘is speech that intentionally attacks a person or a group based on race, ethnicity, gender, disability, sexual orientation, religion, or any other prohibited criterion.’ In a world of rising populism and far-right extremism, hate speech, as a by-product of such phenomena needs seriously to be addressed. On an international and European level, the tools that have been developed to this end are mechanisms, which directly prohibit certain types of speech. At the same time, international and European documents provide for the restriction of free speech if such speech, inter alia, violates the rights of others. The documents that will be discussed in this paper also include non-destruction clauses, an avenue which has been used predominantly by the European Court of Human Rights to oust negationst and revisionist speech from Convention protection. This paper will assess the relevant provisions that exist on an international (United Nations) and European (European Union and Council of Europe) level, to tackle hate speech. As a first step, the paper will elaborate on the definitional and contextual arena of hate speech and will proceed to look at the United Nations (UN). In particular, it will analyse Article 4 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD), which prohibits, amongst others, the dissemination of ideas of racial superiority. It will then assess Article 20(2) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) on the prohibition of any advocacy for religious, national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence. As well as the substance of the aforementioned articles and the related jurisprudence of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) and the Human Rights Committee (HRC), the paper will also consider other documents such as General Recommendations and Concluding Observations. Following the UN framework, the paper will look at the Framework Decision on Combating Certain Forms and Expressions of Racism and Xenophobia by means of Criminal Law, which is the only legal tool existing at a European Union (EU) level to tackle hate speech. As reflected in its title, it is limited to racist and xenophobic speech. The paper will subsequently consider the Council of Europe’s Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime, Concerning the Criminalisation of Acts of a Racist and Xenophobic Nature Committed through Computer Systems as the only tool on this level, to tackle hate speech directly, albeit only that appearing online. It will close with the key case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) which sets out the position of the Court in interpreting the limits of Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) when such speech is deemed to be hate speech. One of the key premises, on which the analysis of the above will be effectuated, is that all the relevant hate speech legislation available on the above mentioned levels is inherently flawed due to what I refer to as the hierarchy of hate resulting from the prohibition of certain types of hate speech, for example racist speech but not others, such as homophobic speech.
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来源期刊
CiteScore
0.40
自引率
33.30%
发文量
11
审稿时长
3 weeks
期刊介绍: “Politička misao” je akademski časopis za politologiju i srodne discipline, koji od 1964. godine izdaje Fakultet političkih znanosti Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Časopis je u pola stoljeća izlaženja stekao reputaciju središnjeg akademskog politološkog časopisa u Hrvatskoj i šire, naročito u nekadašnjoj Jugoslaviji, te u regiji koju čine post-jugoslavenske zemlje. “Politička misao” objavljuje priloge iz područja političkih znanosti i političkih studija općenito, odnosno iz svih poddisciplina politologije: političke teorije, međunarodnih odnosa, komparativne politike, hrvatske politike, javne politike, područnih studija, političke komunikacije, obrambenih i sigurnosnih studija i dr. Također, objavljujemo i članke iz područja koje nije moguće jednoznačno klasificirati po njihovoj pripadnosti samo jednoj disciplini nego se nalaze na „granici“ između dviju ili više disciplina: političke povijesti, ekonomske politike, političke filozofije, političke sociologije, političke psihologije, medijskih i kulturalnih studija i sl. Kao izdanje Fakulteta političkih znanosti u Zagrebu, objavljujemo i članke koji su neposredno vezani uz studijske programe na tom fakultetu. “Politička misao” je posebno zainteresirana za radove o hrvatskoj politici i društvu, za radove koji analiziraju Hrvatsku u globalnom kontekstu, kao i za radove koji istražuju politiku i društvo na Balkanu i u Jugoistočnoj Europi, u Europskoj uniji, u susjedstvu Europske unije, te na Mediteranu – regijama s kojima Hrvatska ima neposredni dodir.
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