17 -19世纪俄罗斯的葡萄酒垄断:财政和/或社会利益

IF 0.1 Q4 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES
I. Mikheeva, N. Pronina, A. Loginova
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引用次数: 0

摘要

这篇文章考察了17 -19世纪俄罗斯的葡萄酒垄断。对三个世纪以来俄罗斯国家“饮酒”政策的形成进行了回顾性分析。重点放在社会和经济利益结合在国家对酒精饮料营业额的监管中的特殊性。研究的重点是在俄罗斯引入葡萄酒垄断的法律手段。说明了国家对酒精生产和营业额的管制的特点,这取决于政府是否保留葡萄酒贸易和对酒精饮料征税的权利,即引入葡萄酒垄断,或将这一权利转让给私人(农业)。需要注意的是,引入葡萄酒垄断的双重目标是增加财政收入(通过增加贸易利润的税收收入),并通过严格监管营业额和提高酒精质量来防止(减少)人口的酒精化。对葡萄酒专卖内容的理论方面进行了识别;它们部分与学说中存在的术语混淆有关,当“葡萄酒”和“伏特加”垄断、“垄断”和“帝王”等概念被错误地识别时,“农业”(otkup, revenue leasing)的概念被错误地解释。总结了王权与垄断概念的区别;关于一个更合理的农业代表,不是作为消费税的原型,而是作为一种独立的财政垄断形式。在研究中,采用了传统的科学认知方法。辩证的认识方法和历史决定论的原则使我们能够考察葡萄酒专卖发展的主要阶段。分析与综合、归纳与演绎的技术使我们有可能得出这样的结论:在财政利益高于社会利益的历史时期,存在农业贸易。当醉酒程度达到危险的高度,国家从酒精饮料中获得的收入减少时,当局建立了一种垄断,主要是在饮料零售方面。特殊的方法——正式法律的和比较历史的——形成了在垄断酒精饮料生产和销售的框架内确定国家施加的限制的基础。观察法律制度发展的历史连续性的方法,以及用于从历史距离考虑俄罗斯帝国酒精行业法律监管工具的系统和历史回顾方法可以得出这样的结论:在17 -19世纪的俄罗斯,国家财政利益占主导地位,它们决定了国家酒精政策的主要方向。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Wine monopoly in Russia in the 17th-19th centuries: Fiscal and/or social interests
The article considers the wine monopoly in Russia in the 17th-19th centuries. A retrospective analysis of the formation of the “drinking” policy in the Russian state for three centuries is presented. The emphasis is placed on the peculiarities of the combination of social and financial interests in the state regulation of the turnover of alcoholic beverages. The research focuses on the legal means of introducing a wine monopoly in Russia. The features of state regulation of alcohol production and turnover are illustrated, depending on whether the government reserved the right to trade in wine and levy fees for alcoholic drinks, that is, introduced a wine monopoly, or transferred this right to private individuals (farming). Attention is drawn to the duality of the objectives of the wine monopoly introduction - to increase the incoming of the treasury (by adding to the tax revenues of trade profits) and to prevent (reduce) alcoholization of the population through the strict regulation of the turnover and improving the quality of alcohol. The theoretical aspects of the wine monopoly content are identified; they are partly related to the terminological confusion existing in the doctrine, when the concepts “wine” and “vodka” monopoly, “monopoly” and “regalia” are incorrectly identified, the concept “farming” (otkup, revenue leasing) is incorrectly interpreted. A conclusion is made about the differentiation of the concepts of regalia and monopoly; about a more logical representation of farming not as a prototype of excise taxes, but as an independent form of fiscal monopoly. In the research, traditional methods of scientific cognition are used. The dialectical method of cognition and the principle of historicism allowed considering the main stages of the wine monopoly's development. The techniques of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction made it possible to conclude that in the historical periods when fiscal interest prevailed over social there was farming trade. When the level of drunkenness became dangerously high, and the state's income from alcoholic beverages decreased, the authorities established a monopoly, primarily on the retail sale of beverages. Special methods - formal-legal and comparative-historical - formed the basis for identifying restrictions imposed by the state within the framework of monopolization of the production and sale of alcoholic beverages. Methods of observing historical continuity in the development of legal institutions, as well as systematic and historical-retrospective approaches used to consider the instruments of legal regulation of the alcohol industry in the Russian Empire from a historical distance allowed a conclusion that, in Russia of the 17th-19th centuries, state fiscal interests prevailed, they determined the main directions of the state alcohol policy.
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Tomsk State University Journal
Tomsk State University Journal MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES-
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