堕落后的社会主义生活谈判。保加利亚社会主义第一代的叙事资源与叙事策略

IF 1 Q1 Arts and Humanities

Sudosteuropa Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI:10.1515/soeu-2016-0029

D. Koleva

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引用次数: 2

摘要

这篇文章是根据保加利亚20世纪20年代和30年代出生的大约100名男女的生活故事改编的。这些故事是在调查他们在共产主义政权下生活的口述历史采访中得来的。最初的假设是，在缺乏关于社会主义过去的共同公共叙述的情况下，就像今天的保加利亚一样，人们会努力理解他们在社会主义时期的生活，并且很难写出有意义的自传。本文探讨了受访者采用的叙事策略，使他们在参照系发生变化的情况下，将自己的生活表现得有意义的无缝和连贯。本文讨论了四种策略:同一性(对前政权的忠诚);传记修正主义(使自己与政权保持距离，但对意识形态保持忠诚);颠倒的时间性(给予过去特权);和转向(专注于私人生活而忽视其背景)。Daniela Koleva，索菲亚大学历史与文化理论系副教授。在这篇文章中，我提供了一种不太正统的方法，采用常见于传记作品的永恒的生命和时间的方法。我研究社会主义生活在后社会主义时代是如何被描述和证明的。这项研究是在一个项目的框架内进行的，该项目的重点是自共产主义政权垮台以来收集的保加利亚老年男女的书面和口头自传受访者包括公众人物——知识分子、作家、前政权干部和斯达汉诺夫时代的工人——但也有来自乡村和小城镇的普通人，他们通常从事卑微的职业，没有受过多少教育。我称他们为“第一代社会主义一代”，因为他们的活跃生活或多或少与国家1“焦虑模式:社会主义和后社会主义社会的生活故事和叙事模式”(2009-2012)的时期相吻合，该项目由保加利亚国家研究基金资助，项目负责人Alexander Kiossev教授。该研究的综合结果将发表在Alexander Kiossev / Daniela Koleva，编辑，Trudniat Razkaz: avtobiografi<e:1> (Ne) spravviania s<s:1> - socialistti<e:1> eskoto Minalo, Sofia(即将出版)。文件编号:<s:1> dosteuropa 64 (2016);社会主义垮台后的生活，以及他们的成长期，也就是他们十几岁到二十岁出头的时候，正是政权建立的时期——从20世纪40年代末到50年代中期。该项目的最初假设是，在共产主义的意识形态语言被彻底摧毁之后，由于对保加利亚社会主义的过去缺乏广泛的共识，这一代的代表将难以从他们支离破碎的生活轨迹中产生连贯的意义。他们就像从巴别塔被驱散的建造者一样，因“乱说方言”而不知所措。不得不经历完全失去他们以前的生活条件，他们将无法接受社会主义的困难遗产和他们在那个时期“生活在谎言中”的个人经历(引用Václav Havel)。在弗洛伊德和阿多诺的Vergangenheitsbewältigung的意义上，要解决所有这些问题被认为是几乎不可能的。对于这一代人来说，也许在整个保加利亚社会中，没有一个共同的参考系统，人们可以通过它来明确自己的前世，并在更广泛的社会背景下赋予它们有效的意义。根据这一假设，这些困难将导致传记模式的倍增，以及书面和口头版本中各种叙事模式的激增。这正是项目团队着手探索的地方。毫无疑问，口述自传和书面自传有许多不同之处。这可能是从开始自我揭露的动机开始，并通过不同类型的规则对观众(现实的和想象的)进行放大。然而，有一个主要的相似之处源于使用正式自传和包含详细传记数据的个人档案的行政实践。这种做法以及相应的参考文件对于共产党政权支持它以其名义(或代表其)上台的那些社会团体的努力具有极其重要的意义。为了实现这一目标，该制度必须确定其合格的受益人以及它打算排除的受益人这就是为什么社会主义公民必须提交包含详细个人资料的自传和推荐信(非正式地称为“可信赖信”)。他们在生活中的每一步都必须这样做，例如，在教育机构入学，申请加入政治组织，开始工作，更换工作场所，以及在职业生涯中取得进步。这些自传不仅仅是对他们生活事件的简单报道，更重要的是，它们证明了个人生活与意识形态“大叙事”之间的联系。这种联系将成为个人作为社会主义公民身份的核心。对该政权来说，重要的不仅仅是这种联系的存在，而且是个人对2 .关于大学教育领域的社会工程，见Pepka Boyadžieva, Socialnoto inženerstvo, Sofia 2010。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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Negotiating Socialist Lives after the Fall. Narrative Resources and Strategies of the First Socialist Generation in Bulgaria

Abstract This article is based on the life stories of about 100 women and men born in the 1920s and 1930s in Bulgaria. The stories were elicited in oral history interviews enquiring into their lives under the communist regime. The starting hypothesis was that, in the absence of a shared public narrative about the socialist past, as is the case in present-day Bulgaria, people would struggle to make sense of their lives during the time of socialism and have difficulty producing meaningful autobiographical accounts. The article explores the narrative strategies the interviewees adopted to let them present their lives as meaningfully seamless and coherent, despite the change in frame of reference. Four such strategies are discussed: sameness (unbroken loyalty to the former regime); biographical revisionism (distancing the self from the regime but retaining loyalty to the ideology); reversed temporality (privileging the past); and steering away (focusing on private life while ignoring its context).

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Sudosteuropa AREA STUDIES-

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