美国科学政策面临的重大挑战是政策创新的尝试

Q3 Business, Management and Accounting

International Journal of Foresight and Innovation Policy Pub Date : 2016-08-17 DOI:10.1504/IJFIP.2016.078379

D. Hicks

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引用次数: 29

摘要

本文考察了美国科学政策中“大挑战”概念的历史发展。这个概念起源于为高性能计算提供资金的倡议，并被写入1991年的《高性能计算法案》。比尔和梅林达·盖茨基金会的“全球卫生大挑战”规划标志着将这一概念应用于美国科学资助的第二个里程碑。2008年，美国国家工程院发起了“工程大挑战”。最近，白宫在“大挑战”的标题下推行了一些项目。本文考察了这些跨越40年的不同举措的历史，以确定核心要素和连续性，并探索美国科学政策中创新与传统之间的关系。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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Grand Challenges in US science policy attempt policy innovation

This paper investigates the historical development of the Grand Challenges concept in US science policy. The concept originated in advocacy for funding for high-performance computing and was enshrined in the High-Performance Computing Act of 1991. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's Grand Challenges in Global Health programme marked a second milestone in the application of the concept to US science funding. The National Academy of Engineering's Grand Challenges in Engineering followed in 2008. Most recently, the White House has pursued programmes under the Grand Challenges rubric. The history of these varied initiatives spanning 40 years is examined here to identify core elements and continuity as well as to explore the relationship between innovation and tradition in US Science Policy.

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来源期刊

International Journal of Foresight and Innovation Policy Business, Management and Accounting-Management of Technology and Innovation

CiteScore

2.10

自引率

0.00%

发文量

期刊介绍： The IJFIP has been established as a peer reviewed, international authoritative reference in the field. It publishes high calibre academic articles dealing with knowledge creation, diffusion and utilisation in innovation policy. The journal thus covers all types of Strategic Intelligence (SI). SI is defined as the set of actions that search, process, diffuse and protect information in order to make it available to the right person at the right time in order to make the right decision. Examples of SI in the domain of innovation include Foresight, Forecasting, Delphi studies, Technology Assessment, Benchmarking, R&D evaluation and Technology Roadmapping.