贸易的诡计:债务和强加的主权在最南端的康在19至20世纪

Q2 Arts and Humanities
Stéphane Gros
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引用次数: 14

摘要

摘要:直到20世纪上半叶,毗邻缅甸和云南的最南端康区一直处于几个相互竞争的政治中心的交汇处。在西藏、纳西族和汉人的扩张和日益增加的政治控制的边缘,一些说藏缅语的群体,如德隆族和农族,逐渐融入了他们邻国的政治体系。他们在政治上的依赖往往源于与商业代理人和地方统治者的中间人(纳西族和藏族都一样)进行贸易和接受贷款。本文论述了这种提供信贷的做法,这种做法是以牺牲贫困群体的利益为代价发展起来的,而贫困群体往往不得不接受交易条款。作者特别强调了这种债务依赖制度、必须从交换和互惠的角度考虑的债权人和债务人之间的关系以及政治合法性问题之间的联系。在区域间民族关系这一更广泛的背景下,本文详细分析了德隆社区和Tsawarong藏族酋长之间存在的政治关系的具体条款,这有助于理解这种关系的运作及其经济、领土甚至仪式组成部分。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Tricks of the Trade: Debt and Imposed Sovereignty in Southernmost Kham in the Nineteenth to Twentieth Centuries
ABSTRACT:Southernmost Kham, which borders Burma and Yunnan Province, remained at the juncture of several mutually competing political centers until the first half of the twentieth century. On the fringes of Tibetan, Naxi, and Chinese expansion and increasing political control, several Tibeto-Burman–speaking groups such as the Drung and Nung gradually became integrated into their neighbors’ polities. Their political dependency often arose from trading with and accepting loans from commercial agents and from the intermediaries of local rulers, Naxi and Tibetans alike. This article addresses this practice of providing credit, which was developed at the expense of impoverished groups who were often obliged to accept the terms of the transaction. The author particularly emphasizes the connections between this system of debt dependency, the relationship between creditors and debtors that has to be considered in terms of exchange and reciprocity, and the question of political legitimacy. Within this broader context of regional interethnic relations, the article provides a detailed analysis of the concrete terms of the political relationship that existed between Drung communities and Tibetan chiefs of Tsawarong, which contributes to an understanding of the workings of this relationship and its economic, territorial, and even ritual components.
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