Introducing the Issue

M edia technology is an integral part of children's lives in the twenty-first century. The world of electronic media, however , is changing dramatically. Television, which dominated the media world through the mid-1990s, now competes in an arena crowded with cell phones, iPods, video games, instant messaging, interactive multi-player video games, virtual reality sites, Web social networks, and e-mail. American children are exposed to all these media and more. The vast majority of children have access to multiple media. Virtually all have television and radio in their homes, and half have a television in their bedrooms. Most have Internet and video game access, and a significant portion has a cell phone and an iPod. The numbers joining social networking websites like Facebook and MySpace grow daily. Technological convergence, a hallmark of media use today, enables youth to access the same source from different, often portable , media platforms. Thanks to convergence , a teen can watch a television show on a computer long after the show has aired on television and can use a cell phone to surf the Internet. Children, particularly adolescents, thus have almost constant access to media— often at times and in places where adult supervision is absent. As a result, America's young people spend more time using media than they do engaging in any single activity other than sleeping. What do researchers know about how children and youth use electronic media and about how that use influences their lives? Is media technology a boon, one that leaves American children today better educated, more socially connected, and better informed than any previous generation of the nation's children? Or is it, as many voices warn, a hazard for vulnerable children—an endless source of advertising, portrayals of violence, and opportunities for dangerous encounters with strangers and possible exposure to pornogra-phy? The quantity and quality of research on these questions are uneven. Researchers have amassed a vast amount of solid information on older technologies, such as television and movies. But investigations of newer technologies and of the novel uses of existing technologies are far fewer in number and more