Endoscopic Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Background: Endoscopy is an essential diagnostic and therapeutic modality in the clinical care of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Endoscopic therapy can be used for treatment of disease-related strictures, surveillance and resection of intraepithelial neoplasia, and treatment of fistulas or disease-related complications, and is currently being evaluated regarding its capacity in in vivo molecular imaging procedures. Methods: A literature search using Medline and Science Citation Index was performed in March 2015. All studies on endoscopic therapy in IBD published from 1980 to 2015 (March) were reviewed. Potential studies were initially screened by title and abstract. The terms ‘endoscopy IBD', ‘endoscopy therapy IBD', ‘dilatation IBD', ‘strictureplasty Crohn's disease', ‘endoscopy therapy fistula', ‘endoscopy toxic megacolon', ‘endoscopy dysplasia IBD', ‘endoscopy complications IBD', and ‘molecular imaging IBD' were used in the search. A total of 115 articles were studied to construct this review. Results: Dilatation is most useful in short anastomotic strictures, but can be also undertaken in colonic strictures. Strictures in ulcerative colitis are always suspicious for neoplasia and should be evaluated carefully. Lesions with intraepithelial neoplasia can be resected when complete removal can be assured. The finding of carcinoma or high-grade dysplasia in a random biopsy is an indication for colectomy. If intraepithelial neoplasia is present in random biopsy specimens, colectomy should similarly be recommended. Endoscopic therapy of Crohn's fistulas is a possible emerging technology. In vivo molecular imaging is currently being studied in IBD patients and offers promising therapeutic opportunities. Conclusion: Therapeutic endoscopy is indispensable in the management of IBD. It has to be carefully evaluated against alternative surgical options but often offers an effective therapeutic approach.