PSYCHOSES

bearing on stammering. (2) Because these conflicts persist and the individual continues to be unable to solve them, stammering must be regarded as a major type of neurosis. (3) Since the origin of the symptoms seem to lie in early fixation on the oral and anal levels, the neurosis must be regarded as a pregenital development on which certain more or less normal conflicts of later life become grafted. (4) Hypnoanalysis, being an unconscious manipulation technique, effects but proximate changes of behaviour, leaving recovered material, in an ultimate sense, unassimilated. (5) Active analysis, even when long-continued, warps the transference situation, and thus achieves but partial success in the treatment of stammering. (6) The procedure found to be most effective-from the point of view of symptom removal-is that of passive analysis, relying on transference as its major aid. C. S. R.