Formulation, design and strategies for efficient nanotechnology-based nasal delivery systems

Nanotechnology-based nasal delivery systems have gained interest as a way of overcoming low drug bioavailability, limited brain exposure, fast metabolism and elimination, high doses, and unwanted side effects. The main benefits of intranasal administration include the non-invasive method, easy accessibility, porous epithelial barrier and highly vascularized tissue. However, it is imperative to identify interactions between the materials used and the nasal biological environment to ensure proper release. Specific factors have been considered to comply with the strict nasal drug administration criteria. Given the broad interest in the nasal drug delivery system, this review summarizes ways to develop formulations for intranasal drug delivery and the main biopharmaceutical challenges. We have examined principal factors in nasal administration, such as physiological aspects of the nose, drug and biopharmaceutical properties, formulation properties, and nasal devices for drug delivery. This review highlights new insights into different nanotechnology-based approaches for intranasal use and focuses on recent developments in topical nasal drug delivery systems (DDS), outlining the advantages and limitations of each system. The present article confines itself to research and novel concepts and the different strategies developed to increase bioavailability, safety, and a route to brain delivery.