{"title":"空间树映射使用摄影。","authors":"A. Dick, J. Kershaw, D. Maclean","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/27.2.68","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Materials and Methods Study Location Sample plots were located on the J.D. Irving, Ltd., Black Brook District in northwestern New Brunswick, Canada (47°00 to 47°30 N, 67°20 to 68°10 W). The District is 190,000 ha and represents some of the most intensively managed forests in Canada. Sample plots were a subset of plots established as part of a harvesting trial. Plots were established on a systematic grid across the study area, and a subset was selected for this study to represent a range of stand conditions, densities, species compositions, and management regimes. Sampled plot characteristics are summarized in Table 1. Plot Establishment Tree Mapping Sample plots were established as variable-radius plots using a 1-m ha 1 basel area factor (BAF) angle gauge (1 m ha 1 4.356 ft ac ). The distance from plot center to each tallied tree (nearest 0.1 m) and the azimuth (nearest degree) were measured using a tape measure and compass mounted on a tripod and recorded in a field data collector. Distances were measured from plot center to the face of the tree. The dbh (to the nearest 0.01 m) of tallied trees was measured using tree calipers. Using recorded distance and tree diameter, the field data collector computed whether measured trees were in or out of the tally. This capability was useful in the field for assessing trees that were borderline based on the angle gauge. The tally sweep began at north azimuth (0°) and continued clockwise around the plot. Photo Measurements We evaluated tree distance measurements on photos using two methods: a) targets placed on trees; and b) tree dbh measured from the photograph. After measuring all trees, a target printed on card stock 21.6 27.9 cm was placed on each tree at breast height (1.3 m). In the center of each target was a 17.8 17.8-cm black square, and printed above this was an indexing tree number to relate photographic measurements to field measurements. The targets are not required to make the measurements and can be considered optional; however, it is important to have a method for indexing trees in the photos to tallied attributes. A digital camera mounted in portrait orientation on a panoramic tripod mount (Kaidan Kiwi) was placed on a tripod 1.3 m directly above the plot center. The panoramic tripod mount ensured that the camera’s focal point was directly above the rotational axis of the tripod, such that the resulting series of photographs could be stitched together with minimum distortion. The degree index on the mount was used to determine accurate camera rotation between photographs. Two camera models were used, an Olympus D550z (3 megapixels) and a Canon PowerShot SD200 (3.2 megapixels). Both cameras are entry-level “point-and-shoot” type cameras with a replacement cost between $150 and $200 each. The first plot photograph was taken oriented toward the first tree measured, and a series of 24 photographs, taken at 15° intervals around plot center, was then obtained. The 15° interval provided sufficient overlap between adjacent photographs to minimize distortion in the stitched panoramic image. Camera setup and photography averaged approximately 5 minutes per plot. Postprocessing Photographs were downloaded from the camera to a computer and organized into folders by plot. A software program called The Panorama Factory (Smoky City Design, LLC) was used to stitch Tree 1 x = 491.46p 7-degrees Tree 8 x = 2498.14p X-degrees Target measurement","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"13 1","pages":"68-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2010-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/27.2.68","citationCount":"28","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Spatial Tree Mapping Using Photography.\",\"authors\":\"A. Dick, J. Kershaw, D. Maclean\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/NJAF/27.2.68\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"Materials and Methods Study Location Sample plots were located on the J.D. Irving, Ltd., Black Brook District in northwestern New Brunswick, Canada (47°00 to 47°30 N, 67°20 to 68°10 W). The District is 190,000 ha and represents some of the most intensively managed forests in Canada. Sample plots were a subset of plots established as part of a harvesting trial. Plots were established on a systematic grid across the study area, and a subset was selected for this study to represent a range of stand conditions, densities, species compositions, and management regimes. Sampled plot characteristics are summarized in Table 1. Plot Establishment Tree Mapping Sample plots were established as variable-radius plots using a 1-m ha 1 basel area factor (BAF) angle gauge (1 m ha 1 4.356 ft ac ). The distance from plot center to each tallied tree (nearest 0.1 m) and the azimuth (nearest degree) were measured using a tape measure and compass mounted on a tripod and recorded in a field data collector. Distances were measured from plot center to the face of the tree. The dbh (to the nearest 0.01 m) of tallied trees was measured using tree calipers. Using recorded distance and tree diameter, the field data collector computed whether measured trees were in or out of the tally. This capability was useful in the field for assessing trees that were borderline based on the angle gauge. The tally sweep began at north azimuth (0°) and continued clockwise around the plot. Photo Measurements We evaluated tree distance measurements on photos using two methods: a) targets placed on trees; and b) tree dbh measured from the photograph. After measuring all trees, a target printed on card stock 21.6 27.9 cm was placed on each tree at breast height (1.3 m). In the center of each target was a 17.8 17.8-cm black square, and printed above this was an indexing tree number to relate photographic measurements to field measurements. The targets are not required to make the measurements and can be considered optional; however, it is important to have a method for indexing trees in the photos to tallied attributes. A digital camera mounted in portrait orientation on a panoramic tripod mount (Kaidan Kiwi) was placed on a tripod 1.3 m directly above the plot center. The panoramic tripod mount ensured that the camera’s focal point was directly above the rotational axis of the tripod, such that the resulting series of photographs could be stitched together with minimum distortion. The degree index on the mount was used to determine accurate camera rotation between photographs. Two camera models were used, an Olympus D550z (3 megapixels) and a Canon PowerShot SD200 (3.2 megapixels). Both cameras are entry-level “point-and-shoot” type cameras with a replacement cost between $150 and $200 each. The first plot photograph was taken oriented toward the first tree measured, and a series of 24 photographs, taken at 15° intervals around plot center, was then obtained. The 15° interval provided sufficient overlap between adjacent photographs to minimize distortion in the stitched panoramic image. Camera setup and photography averaged approximately 5 minutes per plot. 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引用次数: 28
摘要
样本地块位于加拿大新不伦瑞克省西北部布莱克布鲁克区的J.D. Irving, Ltd.(北纬47°00至47°30,西经67°20至68°10)。该地区面积19万公顷,是加拿大管理最密集的森林之一。样本地块是作为收获试验的一部分而建立的地块的子集。在整个研究区域建立了一个系统网格,并为本研究选择了一个子集来代表一系列的林分条件、密度、物种组成和管理制度。采样地块特征总结如表1所示。样地采用1米/ 1巴塞尔面积因子(BAF)角规(1米/ 1 4.356英尺ac)建立变半径样地。使用安装在三脚架上的卷尺和指南针测量从地块中心到每棵被计数树的距离(最接近0.1 m)和方位角(最接近度),并记录在现场数据采集器中。测量了从地块中心到树木表面的距离。用树木卡尺测量被计数树木的胸径(最接近0.01 m)。利用记录的距离和树木直径,现场数据收集器计算测量的树木是否在计数范围内。该功能在评估基于角度计的边缘树木时非常有用。计数扫描从北方角(0°)开始,沿地块顺时针方向继续进行。我们使用两种方法评估照片上的树木距离测量:a)将目标放置在树上;b)从照片中测量的树胸径。测量完所有树木后,在每棵树胸围高度(1.3 m)处放置一个21.6厘米、27.9厘米的靶材,靶材的中心是一个17.8厘米、17.8厘米的黑色正方形,上面打印的是索引树号,用于将摄影测量值与实地测量值联系起来。这些指标不是进行测量所必需的,可以看作是可选的;但是,有一种方法将照片中的树索引到统计属性是很重要的。数码相机安装在全景三脚架(Kaidan Kiwi)上,以人像方向安装在情节中心正上方1.3米的三脚架上。全景三脚架支架确保相机的焦点直接在三脚架旋转轴的上方,这样产生的一系列照片可以以最小的失真拼接在一起。底座上的度指数用于确定照片之间的精确相机旋转。使用了两款相机,奥林巴斯D550z(300万像素)和佳能PowerShot SD200(320万像素)。这两款相机都是入门级的傻瓜相机,每台更换成本在150美元到200美元之间。第一张地块照片面向第一个测量的树木拍摄,然后以地块中心15°的间隔拍摄一系列24张照片。15°的间隔在相邻照片之间提供了足够的重叠,以尽量减少拼接全景图像中的失真。相机设置和摄影平均约5分钟每个情节。照片从相机下载到电脑中,并按情节组织到文件夹中。使用名为The Panorama Factory (Smoky City Design, LLC)的软件程序来缝制Tree 1 x = 491.46p 7度Tree 8 x = 2498.14p x度目标测量
Materials and Methods Study Location Sample plots were located on the J.D. Irving, Ltd., Black Brook District in northwestern New Brunswick, Canada (47°00 to 47°30 N, 67°20 to 68°10 W). The District is 190,000 ha and represents some of the most intensively managed forests in Canada. Sample plots were a subset of plots established as part of a harvesting trial. Plots were established on a systematic grid across the study area, and a subset was selected for this study to represent a range of stand conditions, densities, species compositions, and management regimes. Sampled plot characteristics are summarized in Table 1. Plot Establishment Tree Mapping Sample plots were established as variable-radius plots using a 1-m ha 1 basel area factor (BAF) angle gauge (1 m ha 1 4.356 ft ac ). The distance from plot center to each tallied tree (nearest 0.1 m) and the azimuth (nearest degree) were measured using a tape measure and compass mounted on a tripod and recorded in a field data collector. Distances were measured from plot center to the face of the tree. The dbh (to the nearest 0.01 m) of tallied trees was measured using tree calipers. Using recorded distance and tree diameter, the field data collector computed whether measured trees were in or out of the tally. This capability was useful in the field for assessing trees that were borderline based on the angle gauge. The tally sweep began at north azimuth (0°) and continued clockwise around the plot. Photo Measurements We evaluated tree distance measurements on photos using two methods: a) targets placed on trees; and b) tree dbh measured from the photograph. After measuring all trees, a target printed on card stock 21.6 27.9 cm was placed on each tree at breast height (1.3 m). In the center of each target was a 17.8 17.8-cm black square, and printed above this was an indexing tree number to relate photographic measurements to field measurements. The targets are not required to make the measurements and can be considered optional; however, it is important to have a method for indexing trees in the photos to tallied attributes. A digital camera mounted in portrait orientation on a panoramic tripod mount (Kaidan Kiwi) was placed on a tripod 1.3 m directly above the plot center. The panoramic tripod mount ensured that the camera’s focal point was directly above the rotational axis of the tripod, such that the resulting series of photographs could be stitched together with minimum distortion. The degree index on the mount was used to determine accurate camera rotation between photographs. Two camera models were used, an Olympus D550z (3 megapixels) and a Canon PowerShot SD200 (3.2 megapixels). Both cameras are entry-level “point-and-shoot” type cameras with a replacement cost between $150 and $200 each. The first plot photograph was taken oriented toward the first tree measured, and a series of 24 photographs, taken at 15° intervals around plot center, was then obtained. The 15° interval provided sufficient overlap between adjacent photographs to minimize distortion in the stitched panoramic image. Camera setup and photography averaged approximately 5 minutes per plot. Postprocessing Photographs were downloaded from the camera to a computer and organized into folders by plot. A software program called The Panorama Factory (Smoky City Design, LLC) was used to stitch Tree 1 x = 491.46p 7-degrees Tree 8 x = 2498.14p X-degrees Target measurement