Vincent Meslier, B. Chambion, Amandine Boulanger, Ichrak Rahmoun, F. Chabuel, T. Béjat
{"title":"冷却速率对封装剂结晶度、光学性能及光伏组件寿命的影响","authors":"Vincent Meslier, B. Chambion, Amandine Boulanger, Ichrak Rahmoun, F. Chabuel, T. Béjat","doi":"10.1051/epjpv/2022028","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Since the renewable energy thrive, performances and lifetime of photovoltaic (PV) modules have been one of the big international concern. The mechanical bonding between the different components and the materials' choice can significantly improve both performances and lifetime of PV modules. The manufacturing process plays also a significant part in the modules lifetime [G. Oreski, B. Ottersböck, A. Omazic, Degradation Processes and Mechanisms of Encapsulants, in Durability and Reliability of Polymers and Other Materials in Photovoltaic Modules (Elsevier, 2019), pp. 135–152]. This work deals with the controlled cooling part of the manufacturing process. The aim is to characterize its influence on an encapsulant properties, and its influences on modules degradation. This work is a part of improving both performances and lifetime of PV modules. First, the work focuses on describing the real temperature seen by a thermoplastic polyolefin encapsulant during the lamination process. A multi-chamber R&D laminator is used and studied in order to better know the industrial equipment. Results show that the cooling process reduces the time to cool down by a factor of ∼5 compared to natural air convection. Secondly, the material's micro-structure is analysed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The impact of the process is quantified. It does have an influence on the encapsulant crystallites' size distribution without modifying the total crystallinity. Thirdly, the impact of the cooling process on optical properties is investigated. Using spectrophotometry and haze-metry optical characterization, coupled with a known light spectrum, the light intensity coming out from the material is analysed. Results show that the cooling process does not have any influence on transmittance nor reflectance. However, a 34% reduction in the haze factor is recorded when using the industrial laminator cooling process. Fourthly, mechanical bond strength between glass and encapsulant is characterized over ageing. Normalized 10 mm width strips are used to estimate the bond strength. It demonstrates that applying pressure during cooling does not influence the bond strength between glass and encapsulant after 1000 h of damp heat ageing. Finally, impact of the cooling process over ageing on PV modules is discussed. Two accelerating ageing methods, 300 Thermal Cycles and 1000 h damp heat, are used to speed up ageing processes. The electrical components of the PV modules are analysed and used to assess the modules' degradation. Modules manufactured with the cooling process are more sensitive to damp heat after 500 h than modules cooled by natural convection. No significant differences were found in thermal cycling ageing.","PeriodicalId":42768,"journal":{"name":"EPJ Photovoltaics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9000,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Effect of the cooling rate on encapsulant's crystallinity and optical properties, and photovoltaic modules' lifetime\",\"authors\":\"Vincent Meslier, B. Chambion, Amandine Boulanger, Ichrak Rahmoun, F. Chabuel, T. Béjat\",\"doi\":\"10.1051/epjpv/2022028\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"Since the renewable energy thrive, performances and lifetime of photovoltaic (PV) modules have been one of the big international concern. The mechanical bonding between the different components and the materials' choice can significantly improve both performances and lifetime of PV modules. The manufacturing process plays also a significant part in the modules lifetime [G. Oreski, B. Ottersböck, A. Omazic, Degradation Processes and Mechanisms of Encapsulants, in Durability and Reliability of Polymers and Other Materials in Photovoltaic Modules (Elsevier, 2019), pp. 135–152]. This work deals with the controlled cooling part of the manufacturing process. The aim is to characterize its influence on an encapsulant properties, and its influences on modules degradation. This work is a part of improving both performances and lifetime of PV modules. First, the work focuses on describing the real temperature seen by a thermoplastic polyolefin encapsulant during the lamination process. A multi-chamber R&D laminator is used and studied in order to better know the industrial equipment. Results show that the cooling process reduces the time to cool down by a factor of ∼5 compared to natural air convection. Secondly, the material's micro-structure is analysed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The impact of the process is quantified. It does have an influence on the encapsulant crystallites' size distribution without modifying the total crystallinity. Thirdly, the impact of the cooling process on optical properties is investigated. Using spectrophotometry and haze-metry optical characterization, coupled with a known light spectrum, the light intensity coming out from the material is analysed. Results show that the cooling process does not have any influence on transmittance nor reflectance. However, a 34% reduction in the haze factor is recorded when using the industrial laminator cooling process. Fourthly, mechanical bond strength between glass and encapsulant is characterized over ageing. Normalized 10 mm width strips are used to estimate the bond strength. It demonstrates that applying pressure during cooling does not influence the bond strength between glass and encapsulant after 1000 h of damp heat ageing. Finally, impact of the cooling process over ageing on PV modules is discussed. Two accelerating ageing methods, 300 Thermal Cycles and 1000 h damp heat, are used to speed up ageing processes. The electrical components of the PV modules are analysed and used to assess the modules' degradation. Modules manufactured with the cooling process are more sensitive to damp heat after 500 h than modules cooled by natural convection. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
随着可再生能源的蓬勃发展,光伏组件的性能和寿命一直是国际上关注的热点之一。不同组件之间的机械粘合和材料的选择可以显著提高光伏组件的性能和寿命。制造工艺在模块寿命中也起着重要作用[G]。Oreski, B. Ottersböck, A. Omazic,封装剂的降解过程和机制,光伏组件中聚合物和其他材料的耐久性和可靠性(Elsevier, 2019), pp. 135-152]。这项工作涉及制造过程中的受控冷却部分。目的是表征其对封装剂性能的影响,以及其对模块降解的影响。这项工作是提高光伏组件性能和寿命的一部分。首先,这项工作的重点是描述热塑性聚烯烃封装剂在层压过程中所看到的真实温度。为了更好地了解工业设备,对多腔室研发层压机进行了应用和研究。结果表明,与自然空气对流相比,冷却过程将冷却时间减少了约5倍。其次,用差示扫描量热法(DSC)分析了材料的微观结构。过程的影响是量化的。在不改变总结晶度的情况下,对包封剂晶粒尺寸分布有影响。第三,研究了冷却过程对光学性能的影响。利用分光光度法和雾度法光学表征,结合已知的光谱,分析了从材料中发出的光强。结果表明,冷却过程对透光率和反射率没有影响。然而,当使用工业层压机冷却过程时,雾霾系数降低了34%。第四,玻璃与密封剂之间的机械粘接强度具有过老化的特点。标准化的10毫米宽度的条带被用来估计粘合强度。结果表明,在冷却过程中施加压力,在湿热老化1000 h后,不会影响玻璃与密封剂之间的粘结强度。最后,讨论了冷却过程对光伏组件老化的影响。两种加速老化方法,300热循环和1000小时湿热,用于加速老化过程。对光伏组件的电气组件进行了分析,并用于评估组件的退化。采用冷却工艺生产的组件对500h后的湿热比采用自然对流冷却的组件更敏感。热循环老化无显著差异。
Effect of the cooling rate on encapsulant's crystallinity and optical properties, and photovoltaic modules' lifetime
Since the renewable energy thrive, performances and lifetime of photovoltaic (PV) modules have been one of the big international concern. The mechanical bonding between the different components and the materials' choice can significantly improve both performances and lifetime of PV modules. The manufacturing process plays also a significant part in the modules lifetime [G. Oreski, B. Ottersböck, A. Omazic, Degradation Processes and Mechanisms of Encapsulants, in Durability and Reliability of Polymers and Other Materials in Photovoltaic Modules (Elsevier, 2019), pp. 135–152]. This work deals with the controlled cooling part of the manufacturing process. The aim is to characterize its influence on an encapsulant properties, and its influences on modules degradation. This work is a part of improving both performances and lifetime of PV modules. First, the work focuses on describing the real temperature seen by a thermoplastic polyolefin encapsulant during the lamination process. A multi-chamber R&D laminator is used and studied in order to better know the industrial equipment. Results show that the cooling process reduces the time to cool down by a factor of ∼5 compared to natural air convection. Secondly, the material's micro-structure is analysed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The impact of the process is quantified. It does have an influence on the encapsulant crystallites' size distribution without modifying the total crystallinity. Thirdly, the impact of the cooling process on optical properties is investigated. Using spectrophotometry and haze-metry optical characterization, coupled with a known light spectrum, the light intensity coming out from the material is analysed. Results show that the cooling process does not have any influence on transmittance nor reflectance. However, a 34% reduction in the haze factor is recorded when using the industrial laminator cooling process. Fourthly, mechanical bond strength between glass and encapsulant is characterized over ageing. Normalized 10 mm width strips are used to estimate the bond strength. It demonstrates that applying pressure during cooling does not influence the bond strength between glass and encapsulant after 1000 h of damp heat ageing. Finally, impact of the cooling process over ageing on PV modules is discussed. Two accelerating ageing methods, 300 Thermal Cycles and 1000 h damp heat, are used to speed up ageing processes. The electrical components of the PV modules are analysed and used to assess the modules' degradation. Modules manufactured with the cooling process are more sensitive to damp heat after 500 h than modules cooled by natural convection. No significant differences were found in thermal cycling ageing.