苏格拉底道德理论中的幸福与美德

IF 0.5 3区 历史学 0 CLASSICS
G. Vlastos
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引用次数: 7

摘要

在上面的第四节中,我们从一些文本开始,这些文本的表面意义是如此强烈地支持同一性的论点,以致于任何不支持同一性的解释都是一种拙劣的、怯懦的、挽救论点的举动。当苏格拉底如此坚定地宣称“没有邪恶”会降临到一个好人身上(T19),他的检察官“不能伤害”他(T16(a)),如果一个人没有变得更不公正,他就没有受到伤害(T20),“所有的幸福都在文化和正义中”(T16(a)),生活得好与生活得公正是“一样的”(T15)时,他还能意味着什么?但随后怀疑开始悄然而至。回想一下,量词的膨胀在日常用语中是正常和无害的(“那份工作对他来说意味着一切,他会不惜一切代价得到它,不会坚持下去”),我们问,在T19中,“没有邪恶”,在T20中,“没有受到伤害”是否真的没有可能以同样的方式表示?从T16(a)的“无伤害”到T16(b)的“无重大伤害”的转变,一旦注意到,就加强了怀疑。在T21(b)中,当他解释“所有的幸福都在文化和正义中”时,他描绘了一种关系(在T22中更详细地重复出现),这种关系虽然仍然非常强大,但并不像身份所要求的那样强大。当我们注意到当前的用法确实允许这种关系作为“相同”的一种体面用法时,怀疑渗透到T15。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Happiness and Virtue in Socrates'Moral Theory
In Section IV above we start with texts whose prima facie import speaks so strongly for the Identity Thesis that any interpretation which stops short of it looks like a shabby, timorous, thesis-saving move. What else could Socrates mean when he declares with such conviction that ‘no evil’ can come to a good man (T19), that his prosecutors ‘could not harm’ him (T16(a)), that if a man has not been made more unjust he has not been harmed (T20), that ‘all of happiness is in culture and justice’ (T16(a)), that living well is ‘the same’ as living justly (T15)? But then doubts begin to creep in. Recalling that inflation of the quantifier is normal and innocuous in common speech (“that job means everything to him, he'll do anything to get it, will stick at nothing”) we ask if there is really no chance at all that ‘no evil’ in T19, ‘not harmed’ in T20 might be meant in the same way? The shift from ‘no harm’ at T16(a) to ‘no great harm’ at T16(b), once noticed, strengthens the doubt. It gets further impetus in T21(b) when to explain how ‘all of happiness is in culture and justice’ he depicts a relation (that recurs more elaborately in T22) which, though still enormously strong, is not quite as strong as would be required by identity. The doubt seeps into T15 when we note that current usage did allow just that relation as a respectable use of ‘the same’.
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