How Low Can You Go? An Investigation of the Influence of Sample Size and Model Complexity on Point and Interval Estimates in Two-Level Linear Models

Whereas general sample size guidelines have been suggested when estimating multilevel models, they are only generalizable to a relatively limited number of data conditions and model structures, both of which are not very feasible for the applied researcher. In an effort to expand our understanding of two-level multilevel models under less than ideal conditions, Monte Carlo methods, through SAS/IML, were used to examine model convergence rates, parameter point estimates (statistical bias), parameter interval estimates (confidence interval accuracy and precision), and both Type I error control and statistical power of tests associated with the fixed effects from linear two-level models estimated with PROC MIXED. These outcomes were analyzed as a function of: (a) level-1 sample size, (b) level-2 sample size, (c) intercept variance, (d) slope variance, (e) collinearity, and (f) model complexity. Bias was minimal across nearly all conditions simulated. The 95% confidence interval coverage and Type I error rate tended to be slightly conservative. The degree of statistical power was related to sample sizes and level of fixed effects; higher power was observed with larger sample sizes and level-1 fixed effects. Hierarchically organized data are commonplace in educa- tional, clinical, and other settings in which research often occurs. Students are nested within classrooms or teachers, and teachers are nested within schools. Alternatively, service recipients are nested within social workers providing ser- vices, who may in turn be nested within local civil service entities. Conducting research at any of these levels while ignoring the more detailed levels (students) or contextual levels (schools) can lead to erroneous conclusions. As such, multilevel models have been developed to properly account