《工人与过时》特刊

IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY
Aaron Benanav, Lori Flores
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引用次数: 0

摘要

近年来,什么样的劳动者——以及哪些劳动者——在不久的将来会被认为是过时的问题一直笼罩在我们的头上,甚至体现在我们日常生活的动作和惯例中。当我们在商店里使用自助结账通道,与自动取款机或银行自助服务亭打交道,在触摸屏机器或智能手机上默默地点餐时,我们可能会想知道,过去从事这些工作的人发生了什么。客户服务呼叫中心的工作人员正明显被聊天机器人取代。出租车和卡车司机经常被警告自动驾驶汽车的到来。在田地、果园和葡萄园,用无人机或机器人采摘和种植取代农场工人的实验尚处于试探性阶段,但仍在进行中。亚历克斯·里维拉(Alex Rivera)在2008年的科幻电影《睡眠经销商》(Sleep Dealer)中,美国的种植者使用机器人,而墨西哥的工人操纵机器人的动作,影片利用了雇佣移民劳工的幻想,同时使移民本身过时。虽然现在可能感觉特别明显,但工人过时并不是当代现象;从19世纪初开始,历史揭示了许多工人因技术和经济“现代化”而失业的事件。事实上,在过去的技术变革时代,工作变动的强度,或者随着旧职业的消失而出现的新职业,可能比现在更快。随着脱粒机和收割机的到来,农业工作消失了;排字机和报纸打印机都自动化了;电梯和总机操作员逐渐消失;随着全球集装箱化,码头工人的工作节奏发生了巨大变化。这期特刊的文章涵盖了不同的地理区域和时期,汇集了许多不同的研究领域。这些文章以技术、劳工和工作场所斗争、全球经济、新自由主义、工会及其对不断变化的条件的适应、移民以及工作场所和工人之间的种族主义的历史为特色。这些文章也采用了多种方法:档案、访谈、文学分析等等。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Special Issue on Workers and Obsolescence
In recent years, the question of what labor—and which laborers—will be deemed obsolete in the near future has hung over our heads and even manifested in the motions and routines of our daily lives. When we use the self-checkout lanes in stores, engage with ATM or banking kiosks, and silently order food on touch-screen machines or smartphones, we might wonder what happened to the people who used to work those jobs. Customer service call center workers are being noticeably replaced by chat-bots. Taxi and truck drivers are frequently warned about the advent of selfdriving vehicles. In fields, orchards, and vineyards, experiments to replace farmworkers with drones or robot pickers and planters are tentative but ongoing. Alex Rivera’s 2008 sci-fi film Sleep Dealer, in which growers use robots in the US while workers in Mexico manipulate the robots’ motions, plays on the fantasy of employing migrant labor while making migration itself obsolete. While it might feel particularly pronounced now, worker obsolescence is not a contemporary phenomenon; history reveals many episodes of workers losing their jobs to technological and economic “modernization” from the early 19th century onwards. In fact, the intensity of job churn, or of new occupations coming into existence as older occupations disappear, was likely faster in past eras of technological change as compared to the present. Agricultural work evaporated with the coming of threshers and harvesters; typesetters and newspaper printers were automated out of existence; elevator and switchboard operators faded away; and longshoremen’s working rhythms changed dramatically with global containerization. The pieces in this special issue cover different geographical areas and time periods and bring together many different research fields. These articles feature histories of technology, of labor and workplace struggles, of the global economy, of neoliberalism, of unions and their adaptation to changing conditions, of immigration, and of racism both in work and among workers. The articles feature a mixture of methods, too: archival, interview-based, literary analysis, and so on.
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来源期刊
CiteScore
0.60
自引率
0.00%
发文量
10
期刊介绍: ILWCH has an international reputation for scholarly innovation and quality. It explores diverse topics from globalisation and workers’ rights to class and consumption, labour movements, class identities and cultures, unions, and working-class politics. ILWCH publishes original research, review essays, conference reports from around the world, and an acclaimed scholarly controversy section. Comparative and cross-disciplinary, the journal is of interest to scholars in history, sociology, political science, labor studies, global studies, and a wide range of other fields and disciplines. Published for International Labor and Working-Class History, Inc.
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